Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A
  • molecules that are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only
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2
Q

What are alkanes?

A
  • a hydrocarbon
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3
Q

What are the names and displayed formulas of the first five alkanes?

A
  • methane: CH4
  • ethane: C2H6
  • propane: C3H8
  • butane: C4H10
  • pentane: C5H12
  • Mice, Eat, Peanut, Butter, Pentane
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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A
  • a group of compounds that can all be represented by the same formula
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5
Q

What is the formula for all alkanes ?

A
  • CnH(2n+2)
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6
Q

What must a compound be to be an alkane?

A
  • a saturate hydrocarbon

- saturated means it contains no double bonds

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7
Q

What is complete combustion?

A
  • when there is plenty of oxygen about, alkanes burn to produce carbon dioxide and water: alkane + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
  • it releases a lot of energy and only produces two harmless waste products. gas burns with a clean blue flame
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8
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A
  • when there isn’t enough oxygen, alkane combustion will be incomplete
  • carbon dioxide and water are still produced, but also get carbon and carbon monoxide
  • alkane + oxygen = carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
  • produces a smoky yellow flame, and less energy than complete combustion
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9
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A
  • chlorine and bromine react with alkanes in the presence of UV light
  • a hydrogen atom from the alkane is substituted by chlorine or bromine.
  • bromine and methane react together to form bromomethane
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10
Q

What are alkenes?

A
  • hydrocarbons that have a double bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain
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11
Q

What type of molecules are alkenes?

A
  • unsaturated

- they can make more bonds, double bond can open up

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12
Q

What are the first four alkenes?

A
  • ethene, C2H4
  • propene, C3H6
  • butene, C4H8
  • pentene, C5H10
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13
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A
  • CnH2n
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14
Q

What do halogens react with alkenes to form?

A
  • haloakanes
  • e.g. bromine and ethene react to form dibromoethane
  • these are additional reactions because the C=C bond is split and a halogen atom is added
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15
Q

What is the reaction between bromine and alkenes used to test?
- an addition reaction

A
  • to test for carbon- carbon double bonds
  • when you shake an alkene with orange bromine water, the solution becomes colourless
  • this is because the bromine molecules, which are orange, are reacting with the alkene to make dibromoalkane, which is colourless
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