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GCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How is crude oil split up into its different fractions?

A

Fractional distillation

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2
Q

Describe how the fractional distillation works

A

The oil is heated until most of it has turned into gas. The gases enter a fractioning column. Inside the column there’s a temperature column, it’s hot at the bottom and gets cooler as you go up.

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3
Q

Why are bottle caps used?

A

To stop the separated liquids from running back down the column and remixing

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4
Q

What are the fractions of crude oil and their uses?

A 
Refinery gases - used for bottled gas
Petrol - fuel for cars
Naphtha - used to make plastics 
Kerosene - jet engines 
Diesel - fuel for trucks 
Fuel oil - fuel for big ships
Bitumen - road surfacing
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5
Q

When is carbon monoxide produced?

A

Incomplete combustion

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6
Q

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

It is poisonous. It combines with haemoglobin in blood cells, meaning the blood can carry less oxygen

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7
Q

When are Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released?

A

When fossil fuels are burnt

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8
Q

How is acid rain formed ?

A

When Sulfur dioxide mixes with clouds, forming new dilute Sulfuric acid

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9
Q

What is cracking?

A

When long-chain hydrocarbons are split into more useful short-chain molecules

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10
Q

Why is cracking needed?

A

Because there is a much higher demand for short-chain hydrocarbons than there is for long-chain ones.

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11
Q

What kind of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

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12
Q

What are the conditions required for cracking?

A

Heat plus a catalyst

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13
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A molecule made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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14
Q

What are the names of the first 5 alkanes?

A
  1. Methane
  2. Ethane
  3. Propane
  4. Butane
  5. Pentane
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15
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of chemicals that have similar chemical properties, can be represented by a general formula and have the same functional group

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16
Q

What is general formula of the alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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17
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

It means only contains carbon-carbon single bonds only

18
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion?

A

Alkane + oxygen ————> carbon dioxide + water

19
Q

What colour flame burns in complete combustion?

A

Blue

20
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion?

A

Alkane + oxygen ——> carbon + carbon monoxide +carbon

Dioxide + water

21
Q

What colour flame burns in incomplete combustion?

A

Smoky yellow flame

22
Q

What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes?

A

Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond, so are unsaturated

23
Q

What is the general formula of the alkenes?

A

CnH2n

24
Q

Where is ethene produced from?

A

Crude oil

25
Q

What does ethene react with to form ethanol?

A

Steam - H20

26
Q

What conditions does ethanol require to be formed? (Temperature, Pressure)

A

300*

60-70 atm

27
Q

What is the catalyst that is used?

A

Phosphoric acid

28
Q

Why is it currently a cheap process?

A

Ethene is fairly cheap and not much of it is wasted

29
Q

Why will using ethene to make ethanol become expensive in the future?

A

Crude oil is a non renewable source that will start running out soon

30
Q

What is the other way ethanol is formed ? (In drinks)

A

Fermentation

31
Q

What is the raw material for fermentation and what is the catalyst?

A

Sugar - glucose and yeast

32
Q

At what temperature does fermentation occur?

A

30*

33
Q

What is an advantage of fermentation?

A

The raw materials are renewable resources

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of fermentation?

A

The ethanol you get isn’t very concentrated so it needs to be distilled to increase its strength. It also needs to be purified

35
Q

How can you turn ethanol into ethene?

A

Removing the water in a dehydration reaction

36
Q

What is the catalyst when you turn ethanol into ethene?

A

Aluminium oxide

37
Q

Under what conditions are addition polymers made?

A

Under high pressure with a catalyst

38
Q

What does condensation polymerisation usually involve?

A

Two different types of monomer

39
Q

Why are polymers difficult to get rid of?

A

Because they are inert

40
Q

What does biodegrade mean?

A

Be broken down by bacteria

GCSE Chemistry (13 decks)

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