Organic Chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
… are long chain molecules that form lots of small … called …
the monomers are unsaturated … molecules that add together to form polymer molecules
the polymers are named after their momomer that forms, so … would be names polybutene
the polymers are types of alkanes and are therefore …. this means they are quite unreactive and so it is difficult for them to decompose or … in the environment
the persistence of plastics is a problem as it fills up … sites and can cause problems for wildlife
A
polymers are long chain molecules that form lots of small alkenes called monomers
the monomers are unsaturated reactive molecules that add together to form polymer molecules
the polymers are named after their momomer that forms, so butene would be names polybutene
the polymers are types of alkanes and are therefore saturated. this means they are quite unreactive and so it is difficult for them to decompose or biodegrade in the environment
the persistence of plastics is a problem as it fills up landfill sites and can cause problems for wildlife
2
Q
a polymer is a chemical … made of … (called …) linked together
A
a polymer is a chemical compound made of many smaller, identical molecules (called monomers) linked together
3
Q
after butane/ene, alkanes and alkenes take on the names of their ……..
5C =
6C =
7C =
8C =
A
mathematical shapes
5C = pentene/ane
6C = hexene/ane
7C = heptene/ane
8C = octene/ane
4
Q
are alkanes normally reactive or unreactive?
A
very unreactive
5
Q
are haloalkanes useful products?
A
yes
6
Q
are hyrdocarbons found in crude oil?
A
yes
7
Q
are isomers free to rotate?
A
yes
if it stays on the same carbon then it is the same
8
Q
are substances with high boiling points (C20 –>) viscous or not? (in terms of crude oil)
A
viscous
9
Q
the viscosity … as the boilingpoint gets higher
A
the viscoity increases as the boiling point gets higher
10
Q
as fractions decrease in density and boiling point in fraction distillation, what becomes of them?
A
less carbon atoms
more commercially useful
11
Q
as fractions increase in density and boiling point in fraction distillation, what becomes of them?
A
more carbon atoms
less commercially useful
12
Q
As the relative molecular mass of an alkane increases which one of the following is true?
A. the boiling point and viscosity increases
B. The boiling point and the volatility increases
C. The boiling point decreases and the viscosity increases
D. The boiling point and the viscosity decreases
A
A
13
Q
at what percentage of alcohol is yeast poisoned?
A
14%
14
Q
Biodiesel is a fuel made by the chemical reaction of alcohol with vegetable oils such as soya bean oil. This process also produces glycerine which used in soap making. Biodiesel can be used in engines which normally would run on petroleum diesel. Biodiesel can be mixed with petroleum diesel in any proportions. Biodiesel is biodegradable and contains very little sufur. The complete combustion of smoke-type emissions that petroleum diesel. Some of the diadvanatges of biodiesel include attacking the engine hoses that were intended for a different fuel and loosening deposits wihin the engine left from previous fuels which can cause blockages.
From the given information, it is possible to conclude that biodiesel will contribute to…
A. a decrease in acid rain formtaion
B. An increase in fog formation
C. A decrease in soap production
D. A reduction in global warming
A
A
15
Q
Biodiesel is a fuel made by the chemical reaction of alcohol with vegetable oils such as soya bean oil. This process also produces glycerine which used in soap making. Biodiesel can be used in engines which normally would run on petroleum diesel. Biodiesel can be mixed with petroleum diesel in any proportions. Biodiesel is biodegradable and contains very little sufur. The complete combustion of smoke-type emissions that petroleum diesel. Some of the diadvanatges of biodiesel include attacking the engine hoses that were intended for a different fuel and loosening deposits wihin the engine left from previous fuels which can cause blockages.
The main advantage of using biodiesel instead of petroleum diesel is that…
A. It does not cause damage to engines
B. It guaranteed the soap industry a plentiful supply of glycerine
C. It increases the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere
D. It is a renewable fuel
A
D
16
Q
Biodiesel is a fuel made by the chemical reaction of alcohol with vegetable oils such as soya bean oil. This process also produces glycerine which used in soap making. Biodiesel can be used in engines which normally would run on petroleum diesel. Biodiesel can be mixed with petroleum diesel in any proportions. Biodiesel is biodegradable and contains very little sufur. The complete combustion of smoke-type emissions that petroleum diesel. Some of the diadvanatges of biodiesel include attacking the engine hoses that were intended for a different fuel and loosening deposits wihin the engine left from previous fuels which can cause blockages.
Which one of the following statements about biodiesel compared with petroleum diesel is not based on scientific measursments?
A. Both fuel and its combustion products are less carcinogenic than ordinary diesel
B. For transportation, biodiesel is classes as less flamable than petroleum diesel
C. The exhaust gases from a biodiesel-fuelled engine less unburnt hydrocarbons
D. Biodiesel has a much more pleasant odour than petroleum diesel
A
D
17
Q
butance can form two structural isomers
draw their displayed formula
which structural isomer has a higher boiling point and why?
A
number 1 as it has higher intermolecular force of attraction as the chain is a straight line - harder to break
18
Q
By what industrial process is crude oil seperated into fractions?
A. Cracking
B. Polymerisation
C. Fractional Distillation
D. Porolysis
A
C
19
Q
by what process are the hydrocarbons in crude oil seperated?
A
fractional distillation
20
Q
carboxylic acid are easily made through …
A
oxidising alcohol
21
Q
complete this diagram for the cracking of paraffin
A
22
Q
Crude oil consists of a large number of different compounds. Explain how fractional distillation is used to produce useful compounds from crude oil. (3 marks)
A
Crude oil evaporated in a fractioning tower
Different hydrocarbons in the crude oil have different boiling points
Their vapour condenses at different temperatures in the tower, and are collected as either purer liquids of gases
Each fractions consist of hydrocarbons with a different number of carbon atoms and each of these has different uses
23
Q
decane and octane are straight chain carbons
why are they not used in this form as fuels in the car engine?
A
because of their straight chain carbons they don’t burn steadily or smoothly
the straight chain compounds ignite prematurely, causing ‘knocking’, which can damage the engine
the efficiency is low
24
Q
describe how crude oil was formed
A
formed millions of years from remains of dead organisms (dead sea creatures)
millions of yeras ago huge numbers of microscopic animals and plants, plankton, died and fell to the bottom of the sea - remains covered in mud
as the mud sediment was buried by more desiment it started to change into rock as the temperature and pressure increased - the plants and animals were ‘cooked’ by this process and slowly changed into crude oil
crude oil is less dense than the water in rocks so it will rise as a result of pressure from below and often escape altogether if the rocks are permeable
(if the rocks are impermeable, oil can’t rise through and gets trapped)
25
what two things to different fractions have?
different number of carbon atoms
different boiling points
26
different fractions have a ..... number of carbon atoms and ...... boiling points
when the carbon chains gets ....... (more carbon atoms) the boiling points get ...... as there are more chains to ......
different fractions have a **different** number of carbon atoms and **different** boiling points
when the carbon chains gets **longer** (more carbon atoms) the boiling points get **higher** as there are more chains to **break**
27
do alkanes or alkenes undergo photolysis?
alkanes
28
draw a displayed formula for 2-methyl-propane
29
draw a displayed formula for butan-2-ol
30
draw the displayed formula for C3H7OH (only those isomers with an -OH group)
31
draw the displayed formula for:
2-chlorobutane
32
draw the displayed formula for:
2-methylpropan-2-ol
33
draw the displayed formula for:
propan-1-ol
34
draw the displayed formula of the isomers of C5H12
35
draw the displayed fromula for the this monomer and draw its resulting polymer:
propene
36
draw the displayed fromula for the this monomer and draw its resulting polymer:
chloroethene
37
draw the displayed fromula for the this monomer and draw its resulting polymer:
tetrafluroethene
38
draw the displayed fromula for the this monomer and draw its resulting polymer:
ethene
39
draw the displayed formula for but-2-ene
40
draw the displayed formula for propan-2-ol
41
draw the displayed formula for propan-1-ol
42
draw the displayed formula for but-1-ene
43
draw the isomers of hexane C6H14
44
draw the the displayed formula for as many isomers as you can for C2H4Cl2
45
how is ethanol dehydrated to produce ethene?
ethanol vapour is passed over hot aluminium oxide acting as a catalyst
46
explain why the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels is believed to by some scientists to be responsible for global warming
include one effect of global warming in your answer
carbon dioxide and water vapour are one of the main greenhouse gases
it rises into the atmosphere but traps all the air so it is re-emmited back out again
one effect of global warming is the melting of ice caps which causes flooding
47
# fill in the blanks for the conclusion of the cracking of paraffin:
the large ....... molecules are ...... down into smaller molecules
this reaction is called .......
to do this we need a ..... temperature (....oC - ....oC) and a ..... (aluminium oxide)
the ...... molecules are more useful than the ..... molecules
the large **paraffin** molecules are **broken**down into smaller molecules
this reaction is called **cracking**
to do this we need a **high** temperature (**400**oC - **500**oC) and a **catalyst** (aluminium oxide)
the **small** molecules are more useful than the **large** molecules
48
# fill in the blanks for the result of the cracking of paraffin:
the gas collected is called ......
the gas turns orange bromine water ......
the gas collected is called **ethene**
the gas turns orange bromine water **colourless**
49
Four fractions obtained by crude oil are:
bitumen
diesel
gasoline
kerosene
which of these is used in making roads?
bitumen
50
Four fractions obtained by crude oil are:
bitumen
diesel
gasoline
kerosene
which of these is most viscous?
bitumen
51
Four fractions obtained by crude oil are:
bitumen
diesel
gasoline
kerosene
name two other fractions
residue
lubricating oil
52
Four fractions obtained by crude oil are:
bitumen
diesel
gasoline
kerosene
which of these is the most volatile?
gasoline
53
fractions of crude oil become .... useful as they don't burn as easily
less
54
give a peice of evidence that shows that each fraction in fractional distillation is a mixture of compounds and not a pure compound
for each fraction that comes off there is not an exact boiling point - there is a round
55
give a simplified version of the process the crude oil that is drilled for by oil rigs goes through?
extracted and goes through distillation
distillation — heated up, parts separate from liquid at different boiling temperatures
lower boiling points separate first
56
what is the catalyst used in making ethanol from ethene?
phosphoric acid
57
hot crude oil is fed in at the base of a tall column which is kept hotter at the top than at the bottom
what happens to the lighter hydrocarbons?
lighter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points so they vaporise and rise up the tower where they cool and eventually recondense
58
how are fractions obtained in fractional distillation?
different fractions have different boiling points
the smallest, lightest chain fracions have the lowest boiling points and come of first at the top of the column
gases are at the top
liquids are in the middle
solids are at the bottom
59
how can you identify an alkene?
it has a double bond
60
how do you get alkenes?
you can only get them from cracking not from crude oil
61
How does the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon affect its boiling point? (1 mark)
The more carbon atoms a hydrocarbon has, the higher its boiling point (the few carbon atoms a hydrocarbon has, the lower its boiling point)
62
how is ethanol produced by fermentation?
yeat is added to a sugar or starch solution and left for several days in the warm (30-400C) with the absence of air (anaerobic conditions)
enzymes (catalyst) in the yeast convert the sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide
63
how many carbon atoms are present in propanoic acid?
3
64
how much ethene reacts in making ethanol through hydration of ethene?
only a small proportion
65
how to you know the order of the name of the isomer?
1. identify the largest carbon chain
2. number from heaviest side first - a double bond is heaviest (so put it on lowest carbon possible), read left to right or right to left to which carbon
3. identify groups attached - e.g. 1C = methyl
4. identify type of molecule
5. prefix (group) - suffix (type)
66
if bromine water was added to a sample of ethane what would you see?
no observation
67
in a formula, where is yeast written?
above the arrow
68
in a fractional distillation coloumn, where is it hottest and where is it coolest?
it is hottest near the bottom
it is coolest near the top
69
in addition polymerisation, **...** add to themselves
as this addition proceeds further a **...** is formed
the alkene is a **...** in the chain (the monomer) - the chain itself is the polymer
in addition polymerisation, **alkenes** add to themselves
as this addition proceeds further a **long, molecular chain** is formed
the alkene is a **repeating unit** in the chain (the monomer) - the chain itself is the polymer
70
in terms of naming, what happens when an alkene becomes a polymer?
you add 'poly' before the name of the alkene
e.g. polypropene
71
in the context of polymers, what is an alkene called?
a monomer
72
is a batch process efficient?
no
73
is crude oil alkanes, alkenes, or both?
only alkanes
74
is ethene a saturate or unsaturated hydrocarbon? why?
unsaturated
it contains a double bond
75
is it possible to make pure alcohol by fermentation?
no
76
is the Ozone vital and why?
yes
it is a protective layer made of O3
it stops harmful sun rays reaching the Earth
77
is yeast a chemical?
no
78
is making ethanol by fermentation carbon neutral?
it can be
79
less useful fractions of crude oil = .... hydrocarbons
longer
80
long chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter chain alkanes by **...** cracking, using **...** or **...** as the catalyst and a temperature in the range of **...**
long chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter chain alkanes by **catalytic** cracking, using **silica** or **alumina** as the catalyst and a temperature in the range of **600-7000C**
81
many useful hydrocarbons are found in ......
e.g. ......
fossil fuels
e.g. coal, gas, crude oil
82
Match substances A, B, C and D with the numbers 1-4
A. Ethanol
B. Ethene
C. Helium
D. Poly(propene)
1. It is an unreactive gas
2. It is produced when an alkene reacts with steam
3. It is a polymer
4. It belongs to a group of hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n
A = 2
B = 4
C = 1
D = 3
83
Match the pollutant (1-4) with its effect (A-D):
1. Carbon DIoxide
2. Sulfur dioxide
3. Particulates
4. Carbon monoxide
A. Poisons humans
B. Greenhouse Effect
C. Acid rain
D. Global dimming
1 = B
2 = C
3 = D
4 = A
84
name this compound:
CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
85
name this compound:
CH3CH2CH2Cl
86
name this compound:
CH3CH=CHCH3
87
name this compound:
CH3CHBrCH3
88
name this displayed formula
2-methyl-propane
89
name this displayed formula
propan-1-ol
90
name this displayed formula
butan-2-ol
91
name this displayed formula
but-2-ene
92
name this displayed formula
propan-2-ol
93
name this displayed formula
but-1-ene
94
on what scale is crude oil refined?
a massive scale
95
plastics, such as polythene, have replaced many traditional materials, such as iron, glass and paper to make everyday objects
give a different reason for each material as to why it has been replaced
plastic is tougher and can stretch, unlike paper
plastic doesn't rust, unlike iron
plastic is cheaper than glass and doesn't break as easily
96
What is Polyvinyl Chloride also known as?
Polychloroethene
97
Polythene is a plastic made industrially in a polymerisation reaction. Which two of the following statements are true about this process?
A. Chnaging the conditions of the reaction does not change the reaction products
B. The reaction is an addition reaction
C. The reaction must be carries out in a sterile environment since the raw materials are very sensitive to other chemicals
D. A catalyst can be used to speed the reaction up
B and D
98
show CH4 and Br2 undergo photolysis
CH4 + Br2 --\> CH3Br + HBr
99
show propene make polypropene
100
show the electron configuration in a double bond of a hydrocarbon
101
show the subistitution reaction of bromo-ethane with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
102
state three characteristics of a homolguos series
each member of the series has the same general formula
similar chemical reactivity
same functional group (or reactivity)
the CH2 number increases each time
103
substances with lower boiling points (e.g. C1 - C4) are they mostly volatile or not? (in terms of crude oil)
mostly volatile
104
talk about ChloroFluoroCarbons (CFCs)
they were found in aerosols, fridges and packaging materials made from expanded polystyrene
these CFCs drifted up to the upper atmopshere and began destroying the Ozone layer which let harmful sun rays reach the Earth's surface
in some areas the Ozone layer disappeared completely
many people developed skin cancer
in the 1980s the hole in the Ozone layer was such a worry that CFCs were banned for use in aerosols, fridges and packaging materials
105
talk about the reactivity of haloalkanes
relatively unreactive at ground level but can get into the upper atmosphere where the sunlight acts on them again and makes them attack the Ozone
106
this information is on a packet of crisps:
Typical nutritional values per 34.5 gram packet of crisps
Energy: 183 kJ
Carbohydrate: 17.1 grams
Fat - saturates: 0.9 grams
Mono unsaturates: 9.3 grams
Poly unsaturates: 1.0 grams
Salt: 0.5 grams
Unsaturated fats are different from saturated facts because unsaturated fats:
A. contain less iodine
B. contain double carbon carbon bonds
C. have highter melting points
D. dissolve in water
B
107
this information is on a packet of crisps:
Typical nutritional values per 34.5 gram packet of crisps
Energy: 183 kJ
Carbohydrate: 17.1 grams
Fat - saturates: 0.9 grams
Mono unsaturates: 9.3 grams
Poly unsaturates: 1.0 grams
Salt: 0.5 grams
What is the total amount of unsaturated fat in a packet of these crisps?
A. 9.3 g
B. 10.3 g
C. 11.2 g
D. 11.7 g
B
108
this information is on a packet of crisps:
Typical nutritional values per 34.5 gram packet of crisps
Energy: 183 kJ
Carbohydrate: 17.1 grams
Fat - saturates: 0.9 grams
Mono unsaturates: 9.3 grams
Poly unsaturates: 1.0 grams
Salt: 0.5 grams
Approximately how much energy would be provided by 100 grams of these crisps?
A. 400 kJ
B. 530 kJ
C. 720 kJ
D. 1830 kJ
B
109
This question is about cracking large hydrocarbn molecules. Cracking is achieved by using either a high temperature and pressure without a catalyst, or a low temperature and pressure with a catalyst. Whichever method is chosen, the following statements are true:
the energy for cracking is provided by burning fossil fuels;
the zeolite catalysts used are not very expensive
the catalyst is not used up in this process
the cracking plant is often built near the oil refinary
Which of the following occurs during cracking?
A. Small hydrocarbon molecules join together
B. The hydrocarbon molecules become saturated
C. The hydrogen molecules react together
D. The hydrocarbon molecules are decomposed
D
110
In which equation do the products include two different alkenes?
A. C15H32 ---\> 2C2H4 + C3H6 + C8H18
B. C15H32 ---\> C2H2 + C5H10 + C8H18 + H2
C. C15H32 ---\> C8H18 + C7H14
D. C15H32 ---\> C7H16 + C8H16
A
111
This question is about vegetable oils
Write the letter corresponding to the correct word in the space in the paragraph
A. Bromine
B. Hydrogen
C. Nickel
D. Water
Oils can from an emulsion when mixed with **...** and shaken. Unsaturated oils can react to turn red-brown **...** to colourless. Unsaturated oils are hardened when they react with **...**, and this reaction takes place at 60oC with a **...** catalyst.
Oils can from an emulsion when mixed with **D** and shaken. Unsaturated oils can react to turn red-brown **A** to colourless. Unsaturated oils are hardened when they react with **B** and this reaction takes place at 60oC with a **C** catalyst.
112
upon what physical property does fractional distillation depend on?
different boiling points
113
UPVC windows are made from a plymer called poly vinyl chloride. PVC windows are relatively cheap because:
A. PVC is in limited supplu
B. There is a high demand for PVC windows
C. The monomer used in PVC manufacture is widely available
D. There is little competition between PVC window sellers
C
114
UPVC windows are made from a plymer called poly vinyl chloride. The monomer used to make UPVC windows is:
A. vinyl chlorine
B. vinyl chloride
C. ethane
D. chloroethane
B
115
UPVC windows are made from a plymer called poly vinyl chloride. PVC is 'fit for purpose' in window manufacture because:
A. It is chemically reactive
B. It is waterproof
C. It is transparent
D. They are self-cleaning
B
116
Using your knowledge of a healthy diet and this information:
a packet of crisps contains 0,5g of salt
a slice of bread ocntains 0.5g of salt
many processed foods contain salt
the guideline daily amount of salt for an adult is 6.0g
it is fair to deduce that:
A. more salt should be added to each packet of crisps
B. adults should eat at least one packet of crisps each day
C. adults should not eat crisps
D. it is unecessary toadd salt to crisps
D
117
what acid is found in lemon, lime and oranges?
citric acid
118
what are alkanes?
the simplest hydrocarbon
methane — CH4
ethane — C2H6
propane — C3H8
butane — C4H10
have a central chain of carbon atoms
119
what are haloalkanes used as?
anaesthetics
120
what are polymers and what are they made from?
made from many monomers (alkenes)
they are long chain hydrocarbons
121
what are the advantages of hydration of ethene to produce ethanol?
continuos flow provess - more efficient than batch process
rapid reaction
produces much purer ethanol
122
what are the advantages of production of ethanol by fermentation?
uses renewable resources - will never run out, unlike hydration of ethene methid
reaction conditions are not exceeding expensive - gentle temperatures and ordinary pressures
123
what are the disadvantaged of production of ethanol by fermentation?
batch process - inefficient
impure ethanol produced - needs to be purified by fractional distillation
slow reaction - takes several days
124
what are the disadvantages of hydration of ethene to produce ethanol?
uses finite resources - will one day run out
reaction conditions are expensive - high temperatures, high pressures, high input of energy
125
what are the first four members of the carboxylic acid homologuos series?
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
propanoic acid
butanoic acid
126
what are the possible polluting producst of the combustion of polychloroethene
HCl
127
what are the possible polluting products of combustion of polyethene
carbon monoxide
128
what are the reaction conditions used in making ethanol through hydration of ethene?
high temperatures (3000C)
high pressures (60-70 atmospheres)
needs a hugh input of energy
129
what are the reaction conditions used in making ethanol by fermentation?
gentle temperatures
ordinary pressures
130
what are the starting materials in making ethanol through hydration of ethene?
ethene
steam
131
what are the two different methods for producing alcohol?
fermentation
production from ethene
132
what are the two methods by which polymers are made?
addition polymerisation
condensation polymerisation
133
what are the uses of many polymers
plastics
134
what are the environmental impacts of plastics on air?
Manufacturing plastics in industries releases huge quantities of carbon monoxide, dioxin, hydrogen cyanide and VOCs (volatile organic compounds) which heavily pollute the air - can cause respiratory diseases, nerve system disorders and immune suppression, cancer
135
what are the environmental impacts of plastics on water?
86% of ocean debris is plastic
Over one million seabirds and marine mammals die each year from plastic ingestion of entanglement
Seabirds and mammals can mistake plastic for food which can choke them, poisoned them, impede their digestion causing them to starve
Plastic can clog sewages which stagnate water creating an ideal habitat for mosquitos and other parasites
Plastic can choke drains which aids flooding
In 2012 it was estimated that 165 million tonnes of plastic polluted the ocean
136
what are the environmental impacts of plastics on soil?
Landfill sites are full of micro-organisms which breakdown biodegradable plastic which in turn releases methane (a powerful greenhouse gas) which contributes to global warming
Chlorinated plastic can release harmful chemicals can enter groundwater or other water sources and infect the drinking water
Reduces soil fertility
Can lessen the growth of plants and trees by blocking the absorption of minerals, water and other nutrients
137
what are the uses of polypropene?
buckets
plastic crates
parcel string
chairs
kettles
138
what are the uses of polypropenenitrile?
fibres for clothes
139
what are the uses of polystyrene?
food packaging and containers
insulation
packing material
140
what are the uses of polyvinylalcohol?
a lubricant for the relief of symptoms of dry eye
plastic bags
141
what are the uses of polyvinylchloride (PVC)?
doubl-glazing
gutters
142
what bond does crude oil have?
C-C single bond
143
what catalyst is used in making ethanol through hydration of ethene?
phosophoric acid (H3PO4)
144
what catalyst is used when ethanol is dehydrated?
aluminium oxide (or concentrated H2SO4)
145
what did aerosols contain?
haloalkanes
146
what do all hydrocarbons burn well to produce
carbon dioxide and water
147
what do carbon atoms do?
form strong covalent bonds with each other
join into chains of different lengths to make different hydrocarbon compounds
148
what do oil rigs in the middle of the see drill for?
reservoirs of crude oil
149
what does carcinogen cause?
cancer
150
what does fractiotional distillation do to crude oil?
separates useful components
151
what does incomplete combustion produce?
any hydrocarbon + (limited) oxygen --\> carbon monoxide + water
e.g. incomplete combustion of propane:
C3H8 + 502 --\> 3CO2 + 4H2O
152
what does organic mean?
‘from living things’
153
what does photolysis literally mean?
light split
154
what does the dehydration of ethanol produce?
ethene
155
what does the word saturated mean in the context of oil and alkanes
by having only carbon single bonds, they have bonded with a maximum number of atoms
maximum number of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms
156
what happens during photlysis
the bonds are split using U.V. light which is found in sun rays
157
what happens if we try and dispose of polymers by burning them?
they ive of toxic products such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen or hydrochloric acid, depending on the structure of the polymer
it is particularly hazardous to burn poly(cholorethene) (polyvinylchloride, PVC) as toxic compounds such as HCL and polychlorinated biphenyls (PBCs) are fromed
chemists are devising wyas of removing toxic compounds: for example, HCl is removed as hydrochloric acid by passing the waste gases up spray towers
158
what happens in condensation polymerisation?
the addition of two monomers releases a small molecule, usually water
159
what happens to halogens in the sunlight?
they react
the halogen is decoulorised and the alkane becomes a haloalkane
160
what happens to halogens reactivity down the group?
it decreases
161
what happens to the double bond when alkenes make polymers?
the double bond opens up and adds onto the next alkene, forcing it open etc..., until a long chain forms
162
what happens to the produced ethanol in making ethanol through hydration of ethene?
it is condensed as a liquid
163
what happens to the unreacted ethene in making ethanol through hydration of ethene?
it is recycled through the process
164
what happens when when the carbon chains gets longer (more carbon atoms) in terms of fraction distillistaion?
the boiling points get higher as there are more chains to break
165
what is \>C70 used for (from crude oil fractional distillation)?
bitumen for roads and roofing
166
what is a homologous series?
a series of compouds that have similar chemical properties
same general formula
same functional group
same number of electrons on the outer shell
similar chemical reactivity
differentiated by CH2 group
167
what is a hydrocarbon?
compounds made from only carbon and hydrogen
168
what is a repeat unit of a polymer?
repeat units make up the long chain
169
what is bromine water (Br2 (aq)) used for?
to test for double bond (unsaturated)
the bromine molecule adds across the double bond
170
what is C10 to C16 used for (from crude oil fractional distillation)?
jet fuel
paraffin
lighting and heating
171
what is C14 to C20 used for (from crude oil fractional distillation)?
diesel fuels
172
what is C1 to C4 used for (from crude oil fractional distillation)?
liquefied petroleum gas
173
what is C20 to C50 used for?
lubricating oils, waxes, polishes
174
what is C5C10 used for (from crude oil fractional distillation)?
petrol for vehicles
175
what is C5C9 used for (from crude oil fractional distillation)?
chemicals
176
what is cracking?
the process where a long chain alkane is broken down from larger molecules into smaller molecules, more useful alkanes and alkenes
177
what is crude oil?
a liquid of which many solids are dissolved in
178
what is dehydration?
removal of water from a compound
179
what is ethanoic acid found in?
vinegar
180
what is formed when ethanol is oxidised in air?
ethanoic acid
181
what is hydration of ethene?
reacting ethene with steam
182
what is is C20 to C70 used for (from crude oil fractional distillation)?
fuels for ships, factories and central heating
183
what is isomerism?
compounds with the same molecular formular but a different displayed formula ( --\> different structure)
184
what is methanoic acid found in?
stinging nettles
ants
185
what is organic chemistry?
the study of carbon compounds - living or once living
186
what is produces when ethanol is oxidised?
ethanoic acid
i.e. vinegar
187
what is the backbone of a repeat unit?
the double bond
e.g. C = C
188
what is the best way to deal with polymers?
recycle them
this can be difficult as the different types are difficult to seperate
plastics made from recycled polymers are of lower quality
189
what is the charge of a carboxylate ion?
1-
190
what is the common name of ascorbic acid?
vitamin C
191
what is the common percentage composition of alcohol blended fuels?
25%
192
what is the displayed formula of ethene?
193
what is the displayed formula for butanoic acid?
194
what is the displayed formula for ethanoic acid?
195
what is the displayed formula for methanoic acid?
196
what is the displayed formula for propanoic acid?
197
what is the displayed formula of butene?
198
what is the equation for the cracking of paraffin
C31H64 (parrafin) ---\> C2H4 (ethene) + C29H60 (alkane)
199
what is the formula of ethanol?
C2H5OH
200
what is the functional group for carboxylic acid?
[COOH]
201
what is the functional group of alcohol?
OH
202
what is the general eqaution/diagram for substitution reactions of alkanes?
203
what is the general formula for alkanes?
Cn H2n+2
204
what is the general formula for alkenes?
Cn H2n
205
what is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
CnH2nO2
206
what is the general formula for the alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
207
what is the main source of alkenes?
cracking
208
what is the most common carboxylic acid?
vinegar
209
what is the name of the \>C70 fraction in fractional distillation?
residue
210
what is the name of the C10 to C16 fraction in fractional distillation?
kerosine (paraffin oil)
211
what is the name of the C14 to C20 fraction in fractional distillation?
diesel oils
212
what is the name of the C1 to C4 fraction in fractional distillation?
gases
213
what is the name of the C20 to C470 fraction in fractional distillation?
fuel oil
214
what is the name of the C20 to C50 fraction in fractional distillation?
lubricating oil
215
what is the name of the C5 to C10 fraction in fractional distillation?
petrol (gasoline)
216
what is the name of the C5 to C9 fraction in fractional distillation?
naphtha
217
what is the problem with polymers such as polyethene
they contain non-polar bonds (e.g. C-H) or strong bonds (e.g C-F), making them unreactive. Because of this, they are non-biodegradable. Therefore, they persist in the environment and cause a litter problem
218
what is the quality of product in making ethanol through hydration of ethene?
produces a much purer ethanol than fermentation
219
what is the quality of the product when making ethanol by fermentation?
produces very impure ethanol which needs further refining
220
what is the rate of reaction in making ethanol through hydration of ethene?
rapid
221
what is the rate of recation in making ethanol by fermentation?
slow, taking several says for each batch
222
what is the raw material for making ethanol via hydration?
crude oil
223
what is the result of the pollution from fossil fuels?
acid rain (from sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides)
greenhouse effect (CO2 is a greenhouse gas)
224
what is the small molecule usually released in condensation polymerisation?
water
225
what is the term used to describe the process of a vapour changing into a liquid
condensation
226
what is the test for ethene?
Br2 water
turns from red-brown / organe to colourless
227
what are the uses of polyethene?
plastic bags, bottles, films, containers
coating on electrical wires
228
what is the use of polytetrafluoroethene?
non-stick surfaces on pans and ultra glide pads on computer mice
229
what is the word and symbol equation for hydration of ethene?
ethene + steam ---\> ethanol
CH2 = CH2 (g) + H2O(g) ---\> CH3CH2OH (g)
230
what is the Naptha Fraction fraction of crude oil?
used for making plastics
231
what is the suffix of carboxylic acids?
oic
e.g. methanoic acid
232
what is viscosity in terms of crude oil
thickness
233
what is volatility in terms of crude oil?
tendency of a substance to vaporise
234
what is yeast?
a microorganism
235
what reactions do alkanes undergo instead of addition?
substitution reactions
236
what resources are used in making ethanol by fermentation?
renewable resources
sugar beat or sugar cane or other starchy material
237
what state of matter are substances with middle boiling points (C5- C19) (of crude oil)?
liquids
238
what state of matter are substances with higher boiling points (C20 ---\>) (of crude oil)?
solids
239
what state of matter are substances with lower boiling points (C1 - C4) (of crude oil)?
gases
240
what states of matter is crude oil a mixture of?
liquid
gas
241
what term is used for fuels that have no net release of CO2 into the atmosphere?
carbon neutral
242
what three things dos polymerisation frequently use?
hig pressure
heat
a catalyst (Ziegler-Natta catalyst)
243
what type of process is used in making ethanol through hydration of ethene?
continuos flow process
a stream of reactants constantly being passed over the catalyst
244
what type of process is used in making ethanol by fermentation?
a batch process
everything is mixed together in a reaction vessel, then left for several days
the batch is removed and a new reaction is set up
245
what type of reactions do alkenes undergo?
addition reactions
the double bond is broken and new atoms are added
246
how do you name hydrocarbons?
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
.... maths name
+ suffix (type of molecule)
alkane - ane
alkene
alcohol - an/ol or en/ol
247
what resources are used in making ethanol through hydration of ethene?
finite resources
once all the oil has been used up, there won't be any more
248
when crude oil is heated it is a vapour that ....... up the gas tube and ...... the connecting tubes
...... there for a few minutes whilst its being produced
as the vapour passes along the connecting tubes it is ..... and ..... into a liquid by a jacket of cold water
when heated it is heated vapour **rises** up the gas tube and **down** the connecting tubes
**steadies** there for a few minutes whilst its being produced
as the vapour passes along the connecting tubes it is **cooled** and **condenses** into a liquid by a jacket of cold water
249
when drawing an isomer, how should you image the C chain?
as a string
change the string not the shape
the connectivity can be the same and many people get caught out by this
250
when ethanol is made from fermentation and a balloon is securely attached to the side of the flask containing the ethanol being made, what happens?
the balloon will start to inflate
carbon dioxide will be present in the balloon - the yeast respires anaerobically
251
when heated crude oil is a vapour at...
68oC
252
which are more reactive: alkanes or alkenes?
alkenes
alkanes are single bonds (saturated)
253
which gas is produced when carboxylic acids react with sodium carbonate?
CO2
254
which gas is produced when reactive etals are mixed with carboxylic acids?
H2
255
which has the higher boiling point, ethane or ethanol?
ethanol
256
which is more efficient: a batch process or a continuos process
a continuos process
257
Which one of the following statements is true?
A. Polymers are long chain molecules that are easily broken down by applying heat
B. Polymers are usually solid since they intramolecular forces between polymer molecules are strong
C. Polymers are long chain molecules that have high melting points due to the strong intermolecular forces between the molecules
D. Polymers are high density because of the very strong covalent bonds between neighbouring chains
C
258
Which one of the following are fractions of crude oil?
A. Naptha
B. Napthol
C. Bitumen
D. Kerosol
A and C
259
Which one of the following is a general formula for an alkene?
A. CnH2n+2
B. CnH2n
C. Cn+2H2
D. C2nH2n+2
B
260
Which one of the following is an alkane?
A. Propene
B. Butane
C. Methanol
D. Hydrogen
B
261
Which one of the following statements is true?
A. Crude oil is made up of alkanes of the same chain length
B. Crude oil is a mixture of alkenes only
C. Crude oil is not a mixture of alkanes or alkenes
D. Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons
D
262
which three elements are found in alcohols?
C, H, O
263
Which two followng molecules can be used directly as a raw material to make a polymer?
A. Propene
B. Butane
C. 2-methyl-2-choloropentene
D. Nonane
A and C
264
Which two of the following are caused by excessive amounts of carbon dioxie in the atmosphere?
A. Melting of polar ice caps
B. Eutrophication
C. Deforestation
D. Seasons starting prematurely
A and D
265
Which two of the following gases are produced when a polymer is burned?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Dioxins
C. Argon
D. Nitrogen sulphide
A and B
266
Which two of the following statements are true?
A. Smaller chain alkenes are more useful as fuels than longer chains because they are less volatile
B. Long chain alkanes are broken down by heat in an industrial process to make them into more useful products
C. Alkenes cannot be used as fuels becuase they contain too many impurities
D. The chemical products of combustion of alkanes and alkenes are the smae
A and B
267
which two products are formed when glucose is fermented with yeast?
CO2 and ethanol
268
which two products form when alcohols burn completely in oxygen?
CO2 and H2O
269
which two products form when carboxylic acids burn completely in oxygen?
CO2 and H2O
270
why are British oil refineries located away from built up areas?
they are noisy and polluting
271
why are British oil refineries located in coastal positions
crude oil is extracted from the sea - close transport distance
272
why are halogens used in photolysis?
they have weak bonds
easily broken by U.V. light
273
Why are plastics a problem to dispose of? Pick one option;
A. Because they are readily broken down by bacteria
B. Because they are non-biodegradable
C. Because they are biodegradable
D. Because they form toxic substances when left in landfill sites
B
274
Why can petrol and diesel be operated by fractional distillation? (1 mark)
They each have different boiling points
275
why is burning alkanes useful?
they are flammable gases and useful fuels
276
why is impossible for alkanes to undergo addition reactions?
they do not have a double bond
277
why is it impossible to make pure alcohol by fermentation?
yeast is killed by +15% alcohol in the mixture
it needs to be purified by fractional distillation
278
write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of propane
propane + oxygen ---\> carbon dioxide + water
C3H8 + 5O2 ---\> 3CO2 + 4H2O
279
write a balanced equation for the incomplete combustion of propane, where a toxic gas is formed
propane + oxygen ---\> carbon monoxide + water
2C3H8 + 7O2 ---\> 6CO + 8H2O
280
write an equation for the cracking of dodecane (C12H26) into decane (C10H22) and ethene
dodecane ---\> decane + ethene
C12H26 ---\> C10H22 + C2H4
281
write an equation for the cracking of dodecane (C12H26) into octane and butene
dodecane ---\> octane + butene
C12H26 ---\> C8H18 + C4H8
282
write the molecular formula of this structure and refer to its:
boiling point
flammability
viscosity
volatility
need to be cracked
360C
highly flammable
very runny
very volatile
doesn't need to be cracked
283
write the molecular formula of this structure and refer to its:
boiling point
flammability
viscosity
volatility
need to be cracked
1740C
flammable
viscous liquid
volatile
may need to be cracked
284
write the molecular formula of this structure and refer to its:
boiling point
flammability
viscosity
volatility
need to be cracked
3020C
not flammable
very viscous liquid
not very volatile
needs to be cracked
285
write the reaction for the complete combustion for heptane (C7H16) and explain why the reaction causes the volume to increase
heptane + oxygen ---\> carbon dioxide + water
C7H16 + 1102 ---\> 7CO2 + 8H2O
there are now more molecules (15) on the right than on the left (12)
286
These are the formulae for three hydrocarbons: C2H4, C2H6, C3H6
Which one of the follwong shows the hydrocarbons that could form polymers, and gives correct reasons why they can polymerise?
A. C2H4 and C2H6 because their molecules are saturated
B. C2H4 and C3H6 because their molecules have a double carbon carbon bond
C. C2H4 and C3H6 because their molecules are saturated
D. C2H4 and C2H6 because their molecules have a double carbon carbon bond
B
