Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Prefixes for carbon atoms
meth eth prop but pent hex hept oct non dec
Alkane
Saturated, single bond (sigma), CnH2n+2, -ane
Alkene
Unsaturated, one double bond (sigma+Pi), CnH2n, -ene, cis- and trans-
Alkynes
Unsaturated, one triple bond (sigma+2Pi), CnH2n-2, -yne
Radical groups
CnH2n+1, -yl, sorted alphabetically by group name not di tri tetra
Halogens
-o
What side starts counting?
1- Double/triple bond!
2- branch/groups
Reaction of Alkanes
Substitution (no pi bonds to break)
Reaction of alkenes and alkynes
Addition (Pi bonds can be broken and groups added) halogenation, hydrogenation, hydration>alcohol
Alcohols (hydroxy)
R-OH
-ol
Primary alcohols
OH on end of chain, 1-__ol
Secondary alcohol
C of OH connected to 2 carbons
Ternary alcohol
C of OH connected to 3 carbons
Dihydroxy alcohol
2 OH, 1,2-ethanediol, ethylene glycol (common), mix with water>antifreeze (lowers FP raise BP)
Trihydroxy alcohol
3 OH, 1,2,3-propanetriol, glycerol (common), lipids (3 fatty acids and glycerol)
Aldehydes
Formed by oxidation of primary alcohol
R-CHO (cho!)
-al
Carboxylic/organic acid
Formation by oxidation of aldehyde R-COOH (cooooh! I'm on acid!) -oic H+ easily lost/acidic/red litmus/conducts (acetic acid CH3COOH vinegar)
Alkadiene
Multiple double/triple bonds, unsaturated, polyunsaturated (butter/oil) i.e. 1,3-butadiene
Benzene series
Aromatic, unsaturated, CnH2n-6, ortho (1,2) meta (1,3) or para (1,4)-dichlorobenzene (1st=benzene C6H6, 2nd=methyl benzene aka toluene polar paint solvent C7H8)
Ketone
Former by oxidation of secondary alcohol
R-CO-R’ (co!)
-one
i.e. CH3COCH3 acetone polar solvent, flammable
Ether
Formed by dehydration of 2 primary alcohols>ether+water
R-O-R’ (roar!)
~oxy~
i.e. Chloroform knocks you out
Ester
Formed by dehydration of alcohol+(carboxylic)acid>ester+water
RCOOR’ or ROOCR’ (coo and ooc!)
-oic>-oate
Artificial scents. Carboxylic acid loses H, alcohol loses OH
Nitrogen groups
Nitro -NO2
Nitrile -C—N
Amine NH2
Amide =O and NH2
Combustion
Hydrocarbon (limiting) + O2 (excess)>CO2+H2O, incomplete is CO(g)+C(s)
Fermentation
C6H12O6 yeast/zymase> 2C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2CO2(g)
Saponification
Hydrolysis of ester (fatty acid) by strong base>glycerol+soap (metallic salt of fatty acid)
Polymerization
Form large units from monomers Addition from Alkenes (~C2H4~)n double bond breaks
Condensation, 2 dihydroxy>ether oh thing + H2O
