Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Autotrophs

Answer 1

any organism capable of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source of nutrients and using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy, as most plants and certain bacteria and protists.

Question 2

Heterotrophs

Answer 2

Biology. an organism requiring organic compounds for its principal source of food.

Question 3

Pigments

Answer 3

any substance whose presence in the tissues or cells of animals or plants colors them.

Question 4

Chlorophyll

Answer 4

the green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis, and occurring in a bluish-black form, C 55 H 72 MgN 4 O 5 (chlorophyll a) and a dark-green form, C 55 H 70 MgN 4 O 6 (chlorophyll b)

Question 5

ATP

Answer 5

Adenosine triphosphate: an ester of adenosine and triphosphoric acid, C 10 H 12 N 5 O 4 H 4 P 3 O 9 , formed especially aerobically by the reaction of ADP and an orthophosphate during oxidation, or by the interaction of ADP and phosphocreatine or certain other substrates, and serving as a source of energy for physiological reactions, especially muscle contraction.

Question 6

Photosynthesis

Answer 6

the complex process by which carbon dioxide, water, and certain inorganic salts are converted into carbohydrates by green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, using energy from the sun and chlorophyll.

Question 7

Glucose

Answer 7

a sugar, C 6 H 12 O 6 , having several optically different forms, the common dextrorotatory form (dextroglucose, or -glucose) occurring in many fruits, animal tissues and fluids, etc., and having a sweetness about one half that of ordinary sugar, and the rare levorotatory form (levoglucose, or -glucose) not naturally occurring.

Question 8

Glycolysis

Answer 8

the catabolism of carbohydrates, as glucose and glycogen, by enzymes, with the release of energy and the production of lactic or pyruvic acid.

Question 9

Aerobic

Answer 9

(of an organism or tissue) requiring the presence of air or free oxygen for life.

Question 10

Respiration

Answer 10

an analogous chemical process, as in muscle cells or in anaerobic bacteria, occurring in the absence of oxygen.

Question 11

Cellular

Answer 11

pertaining to or characterized by cellules or cells, especially minute compartments or cavities.

Question 12

Anaerobic

Answer 12

(of an organism or tissue) living in the absence of air or free oxygen.

Question 13

Fermentation

Answer 13

Also called organized ferment. any of a group of living organisms, as yeasts, molds, and certain bacteria, that cause fermentation.

Question 14

Energy

Answer 14

the capacity to do work; the property of a system that diminishes when the system does work on any other system, by an amount equal to the work so done; potential energy. Symbol: E.

Question 15

Enzyme

Answer 15

any of various proteins, as pepsin, originating from living cells and capable of producing certain chemical changes in organic substances by catalytic action, as in digestion.

Question 16

Substrate

Answer 16

the substance acted upon by an enzyme.

Question 17

Product

Answer 17

a substance obtained from another substance through chemical change.

Question 18

ATP synthase

Answer 18

An important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. ATP is the most commonly used “energy currency” of cells from most organisms.

Question 19

Thylakoid

Answer 19

a flattened sac or vesicle lined with a pigmented membrane that is the site of photosynthesis, in plants and algae occurring in interconnected stacks constituting a granum of the chloroplast, and in other photosynthesizing organisms occurring either singly or as part of the cell membrane or other structure.

Question 20

Stroma

Answer 20

the supporting framework or matrix of a cell.

Question 21

ETC

Answer 21

fragments of mitochondria still capable of transporting electrons. One of the units occurring on the matrical surface of mitochondrial cristae; the head of the particle which measures about 9 nm, attaches to the membrane of the crista by a stalk 5 nm in length; the particle may be concerned with the electron transport system.

Question 22

Stomata

Answer 22

any of various small apertures, especially one of the minute orifices or slits in the epidermis of leaves, stems, etc., through which gases are exchanged.

Question 23

Pyruvate

Answer 23

an ester or salt of pyruvic acid.

Question 24

Lactic acid

Answer 24

a colorless or yellowish, syrupy, water-soluble liquid, C 3 H 6 O 3 , produced during muscle contraction as a product of anaerobic glucose metabolism, abundant in sour milk, prepared usually by fermentation of cornstarch, molasses, potatoes, etc., or synthesized: used chiefly in dyeing and textile printing, as a flavoring agent in food, and in medicine.