Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Compound containing elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is the same as in water– 2 hydrogens to one water
Carbohydrate
one of the main types of nutrients. They are the most important source of energy for your body.
Carbohydrate
Building blocks of carbohydrate molecules are the monosaccharides…?
Glucose, fructose, and galactose
Two monosaccharides can form a covalent bond between them to form a…?
Disaccharide sugar
3 kinds of disaccharides:
Sucrose, maltose, and lactose
A disaccharide containing two glucose molecules held together by a covalent bond
Maltose
Sugar found in milk formed by the combination of glucose and galactose
Lactose
Compound containing a glucose joined to a fructose. Commonly called table sugar.
Sucrose
When many monosaccharide molecules are joined together
Polysaccharide
A polysaccharide containing many hundreds of monosaccharide subunits. Food stored in body for energy.
Glycogen
Important polysaccharide is______. It’s in wood and the cell wall of plants. We can’t digest it
Cellulose
Polysaccharides are also found in shells of such crustaceans as crabs and lobsters as a material called ____.
Chitin
Or fats, are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It’s an important energy reserve molecule. Gram for gram they provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates
Lipids
Lipids are essential structural components of all cells especially ____.
Cell membranes
3 important lipids in the body are:
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol
Lipid molecules formed from two building blocks, glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Stores energy for the body. When covalent bonds are broken down energy is released for life activities
Triglycerides
Similar to triglycerides, except the third fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group
Phospholipids
Lipid made up of four rings of carbon atoms joined together by covalent bonds. Needed for the structure of the plasma membranes of cells. Used to manufacture steroids.
Cholesterol
Phosphate has one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms. The phosphate end of the molecule will dissolve in water and is said to be hydrophilic. The fatty end repels water and is called hydrophobic. this forms cells membranes
Phospholipids
Very large complex molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Proteins
Building blocks for proteins. 20 different kinds. Joined together with covalent peptide bonds. The molecule grows larger and its shape becomes more and more complex
Amino acids
Structural proteins. Holds tissues together throughout the body and strengthens ligaments and tendons
Collagen
A structural protein that toughens and waterproofs the skin.
Keratin
Hormones that regulate body functions are proteins. The proteins permit our muscles to contract.
Actin and myosin
Blood protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body
Hemoglobin
Proteins in the blood and body fluids that help fight infections.
Antibodies
Special class of proteins that assist other chemicals to react with each other. These reactions are the basis of all life chemistry
Enzymes
Referred to as catalyst
Enzyme
Substance that assists other chemical reactions to occur without being chemically changed itself
Catalyst
Basic enzyme reaction must have:
- The substrate
- The enzyme
- The products
Substances produced through the reaction of the enzyme with the substrate
Products
Material that the enzyme will act upon
Substrate
The catalyst that allows the reaction to occur
Enzyme
- Regulates speed of chemistry reactions
- All are proteins, but not all proteins are them
- Each Chem. Reaction in an organism requires its own specific enzyme
- Each chem reaction that is worked on is called a substrate
- Called organic catalyst
- Never changed by reactions. Reusable
Enzyme characteristics
Single strand molecule
Carries copy of coded info in DNA to a place where that info will be used to manufacture enzymes needed to allow all of the chemical processes of life to occur in the cell
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Very complex double stranded molecule& stores info needed by the cell and the entire organism to carry out life activities. It’s found mostly in the nucleus of the cell
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Where’s DNA found?
Nucleus
Four nitrogen bases:
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
What RNA do?
Carries hereditary info from nucleus to cytoplasm
How many carbon rings makes up cholesterol?
4
How many amino acids are there
?
20
Protein in blood and body fluids that help fight infections
Antibodies
What are phospholipids used for?
Form cell membrane
What thee elements make up lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
3 elements that make up carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What’s cholesterol needed for?
Structure of plasma membranes of cells
DNA is built up from building blocks called____
Nucleotides
Made up of three kinds of particles: sugar molecule, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group
Nucleotides of DNA
Ribose sugar molecule, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate
RNA nucleotides
Adenine-Uracil
Guanine-cytosine
RNA nitrogen bases
