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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the unique chemistry of carbon?

A
  • The ability to form four strong covalent bonds.
  • carbon undergoes a process of hybridisation which produces four available bonding sites.
  • Catenation: carbon can bond with itself to form long chain or ring structures.
  • Carbon can make single, double and triple bonds with itself.
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2
Q

Whats an Allotrope?

A

Different crystalline structures of the same element.

Eg. Graphite and diamond.

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3
Q

What’s IUPAC?

A

International union of pure and applied chemists.

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4
Q

What’s a hydrocarbon?

A

Organic molecules made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

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5
Q

What is an Alkene?

A

Non-polar molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms. they are hydrocarbons with only single bonds between the hydrogen and carbon atoms. They are saturated making them quite unreactive.
Formula: CnHn+2

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6
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of organic molecules which are identified by the same functional group and obey the same general formula.

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7
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A bond, atom or group which identifies to which homologous series that molecule belongs and is responsible for the chemical properties of that molecule.

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8
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

The structure of an organic molecule showing all the bonds to all the atoms in the molecule.

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9
Q

What is semi structural formula?

A

The structure of an organic molecule that only shows the most important bonds.

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10
Q

What is condensed structural formula?

A

The molecule is written without any bonds being shown in the structure.

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11
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Saturated: hydrocarbons which have all four to the carbon atom bonds singularly occupied throughout the structure.
Unsaturated: hydrocarbons which contain double or triple bonds to the carbon atom.

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12
Q

What is an Alkene?

A

An Alkene is a hydrocarbon that contains at least one double bond between two carbons. The simplest Alkene is ethene.

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13
Q

What is an Alkyne?

A

A hydrocarbon that contains at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms. The smallest Alkyne is ethyne.

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14
Q

Name the prefixes for the hydrocarbons.

A 
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
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15
Q

How do you name hydrocarbons?

A

Number the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms from the end nearest functional group. This determines the prefix of the name. The functional group determines the suffix.

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16
Q

What is an alkyl substituate?

A

A carbon based side chain which is attached to the longest continuous carbon chain in an organic molecule.

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17
Q

What is a halalkane?

A

When a halogen is attached to the carbon chain.

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18
Q

What is the suffix of a hydro carbon when it has…
2 double bonds?
2 triple bonds?

A

Diene

Diyne

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19
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Organic molecule which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

20
Q

What are the hydrocarbon derivatives?

A 
Haloalkanes
Alcohols
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Aldehydes
Ketones
21
Q

What are alcohols?

A

Alcohols are characterised by the hydroxyl ion attached to the carbon chain. They have the suffix -ol. The hydroxyl end is polar and the other is not. The hydroxyl part has hydrogen bonding and therefore will have a higher boiling and melting point.

22
Q

What is a Carboxylic acid?

A

It contains an oxygen atom that is double bonded to the same carbon as the hydroxyl. It has the suffix -oic acid. They are relatively week acids.

23
Q

How are Carboxylic acids formed?

A

Alcohols are oxidised to Carboxylic acids when treated with an oxidising agent such as K2Cr2O7 or H2SO4.

24
Q

What is an ester?

A

An ester is a organic molecule that is responsible for perfumes, flavours and scents. It is characterised by the following link.
O
||
C-O-C

25
Q

Describe esterification.

A

Carboxylic acid + Alcohol—> Ester + water

Butanoic acid + propan-1-ol—> propyl butanoate + water

26
Q

What catalyst is used for esterification?

A

H2SO4

27
Q

What is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?

A

An aldehyde (suffix of -al) has the double oxygen bond on the outside. The ketone (suffix of - one) has the double oxygen bond in the middle.

28
Q

What indicates strong intermolecular forces?

A

Low vapour pressure.
High viscosity.
High boiling and melting points.
Larger carbon chains have higher IMF’s.

29
Q

Explain combustion.

A

Alkenes, Alkenes Alkenes burn in oxygen to create carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is exothermic and releases a great deal of energy.

30
Q

Explain addition.

A

Addition reactions take place when a double or triple bond is broken and new molecular fragments are added to both ends of the bond with nothing being taken away.

31
Q

Name the different addition reactions.

A

Hydrohalogenation- Adding a hydro-halide.
Halogenation- Adding a halogen.
Hydrogenation- Adding hydrogen.
Hydration- Adding water.

32
Q

What is the chemical test for a double bond?

A

React the compound with bromine.
The red brown colour of the bromine rapidly disappears if there is a double bond in the molecule. It’s the same for alkynes.

33
Q

Explain Substitution.

A

Substitution reactions take place when one atom is replaced with another. Eg.
Cl-Cl+Energy—>2Cl+CH4—>H-Cl+CH3Cl

34
Q

Explain hydrolysis.

A

When a base or water is added to a haloalkane to produce alcohol. Eg. KOH + C2H5Br—> C2H5OH+KBr

35
Q

Explain elimination.

A

Elimination reactions take place when atoms or molecular fragments are removed from adjacent atoms in a molecule leaving a double bond with nothing being added. This is the exact opposite of addition.

36
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

This is the process whereby a very large macromolecule is formed by joining many small molecules in a repetitive manner to create a huge chain of repeating units.

37
Q

What types of polymerisation can you get?

A

Addition and Condensation

38
Q

What is a Macromolecule?

A

Very large molecules having molecular weights that may be several millions of atomic mass units.

39
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small repeating units. A small similar molecule which can join to make a chain.

40
Q

What is a polymer?

A

The process by which monomers join to make a chain.

41
Q

What is initiation?

A

Step 1 in the polymerisation process. The reaction is initiated by a free radical. The free radical adds to the double bond, breaking it and creating a free radical out of the monomer.

42
Q

What is a free radical?

A

A molecular fragment.

43
Q

What is propagation?

A

Step 2 in polymerisation. The new radical adds to the double bond of another monomer. The process repeats until it undergoes termination.

44
Q

What is termination?

A

Step 3 in the polymerisation process. The formation of the chain will end if a.) two radicals meet. b.)

45
Q

What is disproportionation?

A

When two chains meet, but instead of simply joining, a hydrogen atom is ripped from the stable chain, leaving a double bond and the radical stabilised.

Chemistry (2 decks)

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