Organic Chemistry

Question 1

True or false?
Alkanes generally undergo complete combustion.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

True or false?
Alkanes generally undergo incomplete combustion.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

True or false?
Alkenes generally undergo complete combustion.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

True or false?
Alkenes generally undergo complete combustion.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What is a functional group?

Answer 5

A group of atoms in an organic molecule that determines its characteristics and reactions.

Question 6

What is a homologous series?

Answer 6

A group of organic molecules that contain the same functional group.

Question 7

What is an addition reaction? (2)

Answer 7

A reaction where new atoms are added, breaking the double bond in alkenes.

Question 8

What are three uses of ethanol (alcohol)?

Answer 8

Alcoholic drinks
Solvents (e.g. perfumes)
Fuels (e.g. biofuels)

Question 9

Why are alcohols a homologous series?

Answer 9

They all have the OH functional group.

Question 10

What suffix do all alcohols end with?

Answer 10

-anol

Question 11

What are the two ways of producing alcohol?

Answer 11

1. Fermentation of glucose by yeast
2. Reaction of ethene with water

Question 12

What is the equation for fermentation of glucose by yeast?

Answer 12

Glucose -> Ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 13

What is the equation for the reaction of ethene with water?

Answer 13

Ethene + water -> ethanol

Question 14

What is the other word for the reaction of ethene with water?

Answer 14

Hydration (think of water)

Question 15

Is hydration a reversible reaction?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

True or false? Hydration is a reversible reaction.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What temperature does hydration require?

Answer 17

300°C

Question 18

What catalyst does hydration need?

Answer 18

70atm of phosphoric acid.

Question 19

What are two advantages of hydration?

Answer 19

1. Fast
2. Produces a high yield of ethanol

Question 20

For hydration, what does it requiring high temperature mean? Is this an advantage or disadvantage?

Answer 20

It requires lots of energy, which is a disadvantage.

Question 21

What is a disadvantage of hydration?

Answer 21

Require a high temperature, which requires lots of energy.

Question 22

The fact that the reaction of ethene with water comes from crude oil, what does this mean in terms of a disadvantage?

Answer 22

It is not renewable.

Question 23

What temperature does the fermentation of glucose require?

Answer 23

Around 30°C

Question 24

True or false? Fermentation of glucose must take place in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or false? Fermentation of glucose must take place in aerobic respiration?

Answer 25

False

Question 26

Does the fermentation of glucose have to take place in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

Are sugars renewable? If so, is this an advantage?

Answer 27

Yes, yes

Question 28

What type of process is the fermentation of glucose?

Answer 28

Batch process

Question 29

What two positives does the fermentation of glucose being a batch process bring about?

Answer 29

1. Cheaper equipment 2. Low temperature, so low energy

Question 30

What are the four reactions of alcohols?

Answer 30

1. Hydration 2. Combustion 3. Exposure to sodium 4. Exposure to acidified potassium dichromate

Question 31

Are alcohols soluble in water?

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

What type of solution do alcohols produce when water is added? (related to pH)

Answer 32

Neutral solution

Question 33

When sodium is added to alcohols, what solution is produced?

Answer 33

Sodium ethoxide

Question 34

What gas is produced when sodium is added to alcohols?

Answer 34

Hydrogen

Question 35

Is the reaction of alcohols when sodium is added more or less vigorous than sodium and water?

Answer 35

Less vigorous as sodium and water.

Question 36

What type of combustion do alcohols undergo?

Answer 36

Complete combustion

Question 37

True or false? Alcohols undergo incomplete combustion.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

True or false? Alcohols undergo complete combustion.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What is the other term for the oxidation of alcohols?

Answer 39

Exposure to acidified potassium dichromate.

Question 40

What is the other term for the exposure to acidified potassium dichromate?

Answer 40

The oxidation of alcohols.

Question 41

What acid does the oxidation of alcohols produce?

Answer 41

Carboxylic acids

Question 42

Does microbial oxidation of ethanol produce a strong or weak solution? What is the name of the acid called?

Answer 42

Weak solution of a carboxylic acid called ethanoic acid.

Question 43

What is the equation for the reaction of alcohols when exposed to acidified potassium dichromate?

Answer 43

ethanol + water → ethanoic acid + water

Question 44

What four things do you add when drawing a diagram for a polymer from a monomer?

Answer 44

1. Brackets 2. Extension lines go through the brackets 3. 'n' in the bottom-right hand corner 4. Double bond becomes single bond

Question 45

True or false? Alcohols is a homologous series.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What is the first alcohol?

Answer 46

Methanol

Question 47

What is the second alcolhol?

Answer 47

Ethanol

Question 48

What is the third alcohol?

Answer 48

Propanol

Question 49

What is the fourth alcohol?

Answer 49

Butanol

Question 50

For the displayed formula of alcohols, what do you add to it each time as you go down the table of alcohols?

Answer 50

C

Question 51

What monomers are involved in addition addition polymerisation?

Answer 51

Alkenes

Question 52

What type of bond do alkenes have?

Answer 52

C=C - Double carbon-to-carbon bond.

Question 53

What monomers are involved in condensation polymerisation?

Answer 53

Monomers with two functional groups.

Question 54

What are the two products of condensation polymerisation?

Answer 54

Polymer + water

Question 55

What are the four polymers that we study?

Answer 55

Starch Cellulose Protein DNA

Question 56

What is the term for glucose and fructose?

Answer 56

Monosaccharides

Question 57

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 57

A molecule made up of one sugar unit.

Question 58

What are the two products of glucose and fructose after condensation polymerisation? (natural polymers)

Answer 58

Sucrose + H₂O

Question 59

What are the three different products of glucose monomers after condensation polymerisation? (natural polymers)

Answer 59

Starch polymers + H₂O Cellulose polymers + H₂O

Question 60

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 60

Molecule formed by two monosaccharides which are joined by a condensation reaction.

Question 61

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 61

Molecule made up of 3 or more repeating sugar monomers.

Question 62

What is the formula for monosaccharides?

Answer 62

(CH₂O)ₙ

Question 63

How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides usually have?

Answer 63

6 carbons

Question 64

What is the other term used to describe 6 carbons?

Answer 64

Hexose sugars

Question 65

True or false? Sucrose is a disaccharide.

Answer 65

True

Question 66

True or false? Sucrose is a monosaccharide.

Answer 66

False

Question 67

True or false? Sucrose is a polysaccharide.

Answer 67

False

Question 68

What is the equation for natural polymers?

Answer 68

Glucose + fructose →(condensation reaction) sucrose + water

Question 69

What do condensation reactions between monosaccharides make?

Answer 69

Polysaccharide chain

Question 70

What is the equation for natural polymers - proteins?

Answer 70

amino acid monomers →(condensation reaction) protein polymers + H₂O

Question 71

How many different functional groups do amino acids have in a molecule?

Answer 71

2

Question 72

When amino acids react by condensation polymerisation, what is produced?

Answer 72

Polypeptides

Question 73

When amino acids are joined together by condensation reactions, what three things are possibly formed?

Answer 73

Dipeptide Polypeptides Proteins

Question 74

What are the two types of polysaccharides?

Answer 74

Starch Cellulose

Question 75

What does starch form?

Answer 75

Forms branched chains of glucose monomers.

Question 76

What does celluose form?

Answer 76

Forms straight chains of glucose monomers.

Question 77

When straight chains of glucose monomers are lined up next to each other, what do they form?

Answer 77

Form strong fabric fibers.

Question 78

Starch is compact. How is this good?

Answer 78

It is a great energy storage molecule in cells.

Question 79

Why is cellulose good in plants?

Answer 79

Strong cell walls in plants.

Question 80

What are proteins in terms of polypeptides?

Answer 80

Proteins are complex branched versions of polypeptides.

Question 81

How are proteins formed?

Answer 81

Formed from a mixture of the 20 amino acids made in our bodies.

Question 82

What can butane be used as? Formulation|Fuel

Answer 82

Fuel

Question 83

Why is the potential yield of ethanol less than 100%? (2 possible reasons)

Answer 83

1. Some ethanol changes back into ethene and steam (reversible reaction). 2. Some ethanol escapes from the apparatus.

Question 84

Complete the equation: ___ + steam ⇌ ethanol.

Answer 84

Ethene

Question 85

True or False? The reaction of ethene and steam to produce ethanol is a reversible reaction.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

What are two advantages of using fermentation to produce ethanol?

Answer 86

1. Low energy usage. 2. Raw material is sugar, which is renewable.

Question 87

What are two disadvantages of using fermentation to produce ethanol?

Answer 87

1. Slow rate of reaction. 2. Produces impure ethanol.

Question 88

Describe the test for the double carbon-carbon bond (C=C) in cycloalkenes (which act similarly to alkenes). Give the result of the test.

Answer 88

Test: React with bromine water. Result: Turns from orange to colourless.

Question 89

What acid is ethanoic acid a weak solution of?

Answer 89

Carboxylic acids

Answer 90

CnH2n+2