Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is a hydrocarbon

Answer 1

A compound that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms only

Question 2

Are alkanes saturated of unsaturated and why

Answer 2

Saturated
Each carbon forms four single covalent bonds

Question 3

What are the first four alkanes

Answer 3

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

Question 4

What happens to the viscosity of hydrocarbons as their chains get longer

Answer 4

Shorter are more runny (less viscous)
Longer more viscous

Question 5

What length hydrocarbon chains have a lower boiling point

Answer 5

Shorter chains

Question 6

What length hydrocarbon chains are more flammable

Answer 6

Shorter chains

Question 7

Complete combustion
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen —>

Answer 7

Carbon dioxide + water

Question 8

What is crude oil

Answer 8

Remains of ancient biomass mainly consisting of plankton that was buried in mud

Question 9

How is crude oil seperate by fractional distillation

Answer 9

Crude oil heated until vaporised
Gases enter fractionating column
Fractionating column has a temp gradient (hot at the bottom and cooler at the top)
Hydrocarbons with higher boiling points condense into liquids and drain out at the bottom
Hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense into liquids and drain out nearer the top of the column

Question 10

What are the uses for crude oil

Answer 10

Transport
Petrochemical industry :
- feedstock
- polymers
- solvents
- lubricants
- detergents

Question 11

Why do we crack long chain hydrocarbons

Answer 11

Short chain hydrocarbons are more useful as they are more flammable and in higher demand

Question 12

What type of reaction is cracking

Answer 12

Thermal decomposition

Question 13

What is catalytic cracking

Answer 13

Heated to vapourised
Pass over catalyst

Question 14

What is steam cracking

Answer 14

Heat until vapourised
Mix with steam
Heat to very high temp

Question 15

What does cracking of a long chain alkane produce

Answer 15

Shorter chain alkane and an alkene

Question 16

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated and why

Answer 16

Unsaturated
Contain a carbon carbon double bond

Question 17

What are more reactive alkenes or alkanes

Answer 17

Alkenes

Question 18

What are the first four alkenes

Answer 18

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

Question 19

Incomplete combustion
Alkene + oxygen —>

Answer 19

carbon monoxide +water

Question 20

What does incomplete combustion result in

Answer 20

Smoky yellow flame
Less energy

Question 21

What is the addition of hydrogen to an alkene known as

Answer 21

Hydrogenation

Question 22

How does hydrogenation happen

Answer 22

Hydrogen reacted with alkene
In the presence of a catalyst

Question 23

Alkene + steam —>

Answer 23

Alchohol

Question 24

How do you test for an alkene and what is the positive result

Answer 24

Add bromine water
Turn from orange to colourless

Question 25

What is a polymer

Answer 25

A long chain molecule that is formed by joining lots of smaller monomers together

Question 26

What are the first four alcohols

Answer 26

Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol

Question 27

What pH do alcohols form when dissolved in water

Answer 27

Neutral

Question 28

What are alcohols used for

Answer 28

Solvents - dissolve things that water can not dissolve Fuels

Question 29

How is ethanol made

Answer 29

Fermentation

Question 30

What is ethanol used for

Answer 30

Alcoholic drinks

Question 31

What is the equation or fermentation

Answer 31

Sugar —>ethanol + carbon dioxide Yeast used as an enzyme

Question 32

What are the conditions for fermentation

Answer 32

37degrees Anaerobic conditions

Question 33

What is formed when alcohols react with sodium

Answer 33

Hydrogen

Question 34

What are the first four carboxylic acids

Answer 34

Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Propanoic acid Butanoic acid

Question 35

Are carboxylic acids weak or strong acids and why

Answer 35

Weak Do not ionise completely in aqueous solutions

Question 36

How are esters formed

Answer 36

Carboxylic acids and an alcohol

Question 37

What is an example of an ester

Answer 37

Ethyl ethanoate

Question 38

What monomers undergo condensation polymerisation

Answer 38

Two monomers each with two of the Sam functional group Or One monomer with two different functional groups

Question 39

What monomers undergo addition polymerisation

Answer 39

Monomer containing carbon carbon double bond

Question 40

How many products are formed in addition polymerisation

Answer 40

One product (polymer)

Question 41

How many products are formed in condensation polymerisation

Answer 41

Two Polymer and small molecule (Usually water)

Question 42

What functional groups does an amino acid contain

Answer 42

Amino (NH2) Carboxylic acid (COOH)

Question 43

What is the polymer that amino acids form

Answer 43

Polypeptide

Question 44

One or more long chains of polypeptide is called a

Answer 44

Protein

Question 45

What are proteins used for in the body

Answer 45

Catalyst Haemoglobin Antibodies Make up body tissue

Question 46

What does dna stand for

Answer 46

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 47

What is the structure of DNA

Answer 47

Two polymer chains Four different monomers called nucleotides Makes a double helix shape

Question 48

What does DNA do

Answer 48

Encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms

Question 49

What large carbohydrates polymers are formed from sugars reacting together through polymerisation

Answer 49

Starch and cellulose

Question 50

What is starch used for in the body

Answer 50

Used to store energy

Question 51

What is cellulose used for

Answer 51

Found in plant cell walls for structure and support