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chemistry since there's none by school > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Any compound formed from only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

What is the general formula for Alkanes?

A

C(n)C(2n+2)

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

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4
Q

What is a saturated compound?

A

A compound containing a carbon single bond, allowing each carbon to bond with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

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5
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane, ethane, propane and butane

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6
Q

What changes as the length of hydrocarbons change?

A

The properties, e.g. viscosity

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7
Q

The shorter the hydrocarbon, the more…

A

… runny it is (less viscous)
… volatile it is (lower boiling points)
… more flammable it is (easier to ignite)

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8
Q

What are the waste products of the combustion of hydrocarbons

A

Carbon dioxide and water vapour

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9
Q

What is oxidised during combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Both the carbon and hydrogen, as they both gain oxygen

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10
Q

What is the word equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

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11
Q

Why are hydrocarbons used as fuels?

A

The large amount of energy they release when they combust completely

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12
Q

What type of fuel is crude oil?

A

A fossil fuel

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13
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

It is formed from the remains of plants and animals (mostly plankton) that died millions of years ago.
They were buried in mud, under the high temperature and pressure, the remains turn to crude oil.

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14
Q

How is crude oil extracted

A

It is drilled up from the rocks where it is found

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15
Q

How are the compounds in crude oil separated?

A

By fractional distillation

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16
Q

How does the fractional distillation of crude oil work?

A
  1. The oil is heated until it turns into a gas and enters a fractionating column
  2. The column has a temperature gradient (hot at the bottom, cool at the top)
  3. The longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points, so condense back into liquids and drain out at the bottom of the column
  4. The shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points, condense and drain out near the top
  5. The crude oil is now separated into different fractions, each containing a mixture of hydrocarbons that contain a similar number carbons, therefore have similar boiling points
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17
Q

Why is crude oil important in transport?

A

Oil provides the fuel for most modern transport, e.g. petrol for cars and kerosene for planes

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18
Q

Why is crude oil important in the petrochemical industry?

A

They use hydrocarbons from crude oil as a feedstock to make new compounds for use in e.g. polymers, solvents, lubricants and detergent

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19
Q

Why can you get a large variety of products from organic compounds?

A

Carbon atoms can bond together to form different groups called homologous series that contain similar compounds with similar properties

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20
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

Compounds containing carbon atoms

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21
Q

What is cracking?

A

Where longer alkane molecules produced from fractional distillation are turned into smaller, more useful ones

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22
Q

Where are short-chain hydrocarbons more useful than long chain?

A

They are flammable so make good fuels and are in high demand. Also, long-chain hydrocarbons form thick gloopy liquids that aren’t very useful.

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23
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction, which is breaking down molecules by heating them

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24
Q

How does catalytic cracking work?

A
  1. Heat long-chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them (turn them into gas)
  2. The vapour can be passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
  3. The long-chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst
    This is known as catalyctic cracking
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25
How does steam cracking work?
1. Vaporise the long-chain hydrocarbons 2. Mix the gaseous hydrocarbons with steam 3. Heat this up to 850 degrees, and under pressure the long chain will split into shorter chain hydrocarbons
26
What are alkenes?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain
27
How can alkenes be a part of addition reactions?
The carbon double bond can open up to make a single bind, allowing the two carbon atoms to bond with other atoms
28
What are the first four alkenes?
Ethene, propene, butene and pentene
29
What is the general formula for alkenes?
C(n)H(2n)
30
What is the functional group of alkenes?
C=C
31
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms in a molecule that determines how the molecule typically reacts.
32
How do addition reactions with alkenes work?
The C=C bond will open up to leave a single bond, and a new atom is added to each carbon
33
What is the addition of hydrogen called?
Hydrogenation ## Footnote Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated compound.
34
What happens to double-bonded carbons during hydrogenation?
They open up the double bond and form a saturated alkane ## Footnote This transformation converts alkenes into alkanes.
35
What is required for an alkene to react with hydrogen?
A catalyst ## Footnote Catalysts lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed.
36
What type of reactions do alkenes undergo with halogens?
Alkenes undergo addition reactions with halogens such as bromine, chlorine, and iodine. ## Footnote In these reactions, the carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) is broken, and each carbon becomes bonded to a halogen atom.
37
What is formed when ethene reacts with bromine?
Dibromoethane. ## Footnote The reaction involves two bromine atoms being added to the ethene.
38
Fill in the blank: When alkenes react with halogens, the resulting molecules are _______.
saturated. ## Footnote Saturated molecules contain single bonds only, as opposed to the double bonds present in alkenes.
39
True or False: The reaction of alkenes with halogens produces the same product regardless of which halogen is used.
False. ## Footnote The product varies depending on the halogen added; for example, bromine, chlorine, or iodine will yield different dibromo, dichloro, or diiodo compounds, respectively.
40
What is the general form of the reaction of ethene with bromine?
Ethene + Bromine → Dibromoethane
41
What is the effect of adding bromine water to a saturated compound like an alkane?
No reaction occurs and the solution stays bright orange
42
What happens when bromine water is added to an alkene?
The bromine adds across the double bond, making a colourless dibromo-compound
43
What is observed when bromine water is decolourised?
It indicates the presence of an alkene
44
Fill in the blank: The addition of bromine to a double bond can be used to test for _______.
alkenes
45
What is the original color of bromine water before testing with alkenes?
Orange
46
What type of compound is formed when bromine reacts with an alkene?
Colourless dibromo-compound
47
What action is performed when testing for alkenes with bromine water?
Shake the bromine water with the alkene
48
How is an alcohol formed from alkenes?
Alkenes are reacted with steam, and water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed.
49
How can ethanol be made
Mixing ethene with steam and passing it over a catalyst
50
What is one way of making ethanol industrially?
The conversion of ethene to ethanol with steam
51
How is ethanol made using ethene and steam?
1. Steam is reacted with ethene 2. After this, the reaction mixture (gas) is passed from the reactor into a condenser where it is cooled down 3. Ethanol and water have a higher boiling point than ethene, so both condense while any unreacted ethene gas is recycled back into the reactor 4. The alcohol can then be purified from the mixture by fractional distillation, where ethanol boils first as it has a lower boiling point
52
What are polymers made up of?
Lots of the same molecule joined together in one long chain.
53
What is the process called when monomers join together to form polymers?
Polymerisation.
54
What conditions are usually needed for polymerisation?
High pressure and a catalyst.
55
What type of molecules are plastics made from?
Long-chain molecules called polymers.
56
What are the typical characteristics of the monomers that make up addition polymers?
They have a double covalent bond.
57
What happens to unsaturated monomer molecules during addition polymerisation?
They open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains.
58
What is an example of a monomer that can form an addition polymer?
Ethene.
59
What is the name of the polymer formed from ethene monomers?
Poly(ethene) or polythene.
60
In addition polymerisation, what is the only product formed?
The polymer.
61
How can the repeating unit in a polymer be represented?
By using 'n' to indicate there can be any number of monomers.
62
Fill in the blank: Addition polymers contain exactly the same type and number of atoms as the _______.
Monomers that formed it.
63
True or False: Addition polymers can contain different types of atoms than the monomers that formed them.
False.
64
What is the general formula of an alcohol?
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH ## Footnote This formula indicates that for any alcohol with 'n' carbons, the number of hydrogens will be '2n+1' along with the hydroxyl group.
65
What functional group do all alcohols contain?
-OH ## Footnote The -OH group is known as the hydroxyl group, which characterizes alcohols.
66
List the first four alcohols in the homologous series.
* Methanol * Ethanol * Propanol * Butanol ## Footnote Each alcohol in this series has a unique carbon chain length and corresponding formula.
67
What is the formula for Methanol?
CH₃OH ## Footnote Methanol is the simplest alcohol, consisting of one carbon atom.
68
What is the formula for Ethanol?
C₂H₅OH ## Footnote Ethanol is commonly known as the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
69
What is the formula for Propanol?
C₃H₇OH ## Footnote Propanol can exist in two isomeric forms: 1-propanol and 2-propanol.
70
What is the formula for Butanol?
C₄H₉OH ## Footnote Butanol has several isomers, including n-butanol and isobutanol.
71
How do you name alcohols using the basic naming system?
Replace the final '-e' with '-ol' ## Footnote This naming convention is consistent with the naming of other organic compounds like alkanes.
72
True or False: The formula CH₃O is a correct representation of an alcohol.
False ## Footnote CH₃O does not explicitly show the -OH functional group, which is essential for identifying alcohols.
73
Fill in the blank: The basic structure of alcohols consists of a carbon chain with a _______ functional group.
-OH
74
75
What are the products of the complete combustion of alcohols?
Carbon dioxide and water
76
Are the first four alcohols soluble in water?
Yes, they are soluble in water and their solutions have a neutral pH
77
What do alcohols react with that produces hydrogen?
They react with sodium, where one of the products is hydrogen
78
How are alcohols reacted to form a carboxylic acid?
They are oxidised by reacting with oxygen to produce a carboxylic acid
79
Why are alcohols used as solvents in industry?
This is because they can dissolve substances that water can, but also ones that water can’t, such as hydrocarbons, oils and fats
80
What are the first four alcohols used for?
They are used as fuels, e.g. ethanol as fuel for spirit burners.
81
What are advantages of using ethanol as fuel for spirit burners?
It burns cleanly, and is not smelly
82
How is ethanol made?
Fermentation
83
Describe how fermentation works
Fermentation uses an enzyme in yeast to convert sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The ethanol produces is aqueous as the reaction occurs in a solution.
84
What are the conditions required for fermentation and why?
Fermentation happens at a temperature of around 37 degrees, in a slightly acidic solution and under anaerobic conditions This is because the enzymes in the yeast work best in these conditions. If the temperature or pH were different, the enzyme could be denatured
85
What are the two types of polymerisation?
Addition and condensation
86
Which type of monomers does condensation polymerisation involve?
Monomers containing different functional groups
87
What is a polyester formed from?
A diol and a dicarboxylic acid
88
What type of polymerisation occurs with polyesters?
Condensation polymerisation
89
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
-COOH
90
What is the molecular and displayed formula for methanoic acid?
HCOOH
91
What is the molecular and displayed formula for ethanoic acid?
CH3COOH
92
What is the molecular and displayed formula for propanoic acid?
C2H5COOH
93
What is the molecular and displayed formula for butanoic acid?
C3H7COOH

chemistry since there's none by school (7 decks)

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