organic chemistry

Question 1

what is crude oil made from

Answer 1

fossilised ancient plankton as rocks

Question 2

crude oil uses

Answer 2

fuel, tarmac

Question 3

hydrocarbons with longer chains have higher….(2) and are less….(1)

Answer 3

boiling point, viscosity; flammable

Question 4

what is an alkane and its properties

Answer 4

saturated, single bonded hydrocarbons, low reactivity but good combustion- good for fuels

Question 5

alkane general formula

Answer 5

CnH(2n+2)

Question 6

alkene general formula

Answer 6

CnH2n

Question 7

alkene functional group

Answer 7

C=C

Question 8

alcohol general formula

Answer 8

CnH(2n+1)OH

Question 9

alcohol functional group

Answer 9

-OH

Question 10

carboxylic acids general formula

Answer 10

CnH2n(2n+1)COOH

Question 11

carboxylic acids functional group

Answer 11

-COOH

Question 12

2 types of cracking

Answer 12

steam and catalytic

Question 13

uses of alkenes

Answer 13

combined to make polymers, starting materials for chemicals

Question 14

what is an alkene and its properties

Answer 14

unsaturated, one double bond, more reactive than alkanes due to extra hydrogen bond

Question 15

what is an addition reaction

Answer 15

two or more molecules combine to form a single larger molecule

Question 16

alkenes+oxygen formula

Answer 16

alkene + oxygen = carbon monoxide + carbon +water
burn with smoky flame

Question 17

alkenes+hydrogen formula

Answer 17

alkene + hydrogen + nickel catalyst = alkane

Question 18

alkenes+halogens formula

Answer 18

alkene + halogen = dibromoalkene
halogen commonly bromine water which causes colour change from brown-orange to colourless

Question 19

alkene+steam formula

Answer 19

alkene + steam + phosphoric acid catalyst = alcohol

Question 20

sodium+alcohol formula

Answer 20

sodium + alcohol = hydrogen+sodium alkoxide

Question 21

oxygen+alcohol formula (non-combustion)

Answer 21

oxidising agent + alcohol = carboxylic agent

Question 22

water+alcohol formula

Answer 22

water + alcohol = neutral solution

Question 23

oxygen+alcohol formula (combustion)

Answer 23

air + heat + alcohol = carbon dioxide + water

Question 24

fermentation formula

Answer 24

yeast + sugar solution = ethanol (aq) + carbon dioxide

Question 25

ideal conditions for fermentation

Answer 25

37 degrees celcius, slightly acidic solution, anaerobic

Question 26

are carboxylic acids weak or strong?

Answer 26

weak- only partially ionise in water

Question 27

carboxylic acid+water formula

Answer 27

carboxylic acid + water = solution with acidic pH

Question 28

carboxylic acid+metal carbonates formula

Answer 28

carboxylic acids + metal carbonates = salt + carbon dioxide + water

Question 29

carboxylic acids+alcohol formula

Answer 29

carboxylic acid + alcohol + acid catalyst = ester + water

Question 30

product of this reaction: alkene monomers undergo addition polymerisation

Answer 30

poly(alkene)

Question 31

what is condensation polymerisation

Answer 31

joining together of monomers with 2 functional groups to produce larger polymers and small by-products

Question 32

what does condensation polymerisation bind and make

Answer 32

amino acids -> polypeptides + water

Question 33

what is a polypeptide

Answer 33

Produced when peptide links form between the amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids.

Question 34

properties of DNA

Answer 34

monomers are nucleotides, very large, double helix

Question 35

what method is the best way to produce alcohol

Answer 35

industrial- lower labour costs, continuous process, fast rate of reaction, alcohol produced is high purity fermentation- renewable, conditions are low maintainance, low energy

Question 36

carboxylic acid formula

Answer 36

CnH2nO2

Question 37

what does polyesters mean

Answer 37

lots of esters

Question 38

how to draw poly-alkenes from alkenes (addition polymers)

Answer 38

1. [ ] 2. draw monomers with the C=C 3.Add - on each [ ]

Question 39

3 types of natural polymers

Answer 39

amino acids, DNA, starch/cellulose

Question 40

what is an amino acid made up of

Answer 40

COOH (carboxyl group), NH2 (amino group)