organic chemistry Flashcards
what is crude oil made from
fossilised ancient plankton as rocks
crude oil uses
fuel, tarmac
hydrocarbons with longer chains have higher….(2) and are less….(1)
boiling point, viscosity; flammable
what is an alkane and its properties
saturated, single bonded hydrocarbons, low reactivity but good combustion- good for fuels
alkane general formula
CnH(2n+2)
alkene general formula
CnH2n
alkene functional group
C=C
alcohol general formula
CnH(2n+1)OH
alcohol functional group
-OH
carboxylic acids general formula
CnH2n(2n+1)COOH
carboxylic acids functional group
-COOH
2 types of cracking
steam and catalytic
uses of alkenes
combined to make polymers, starting materials for chemicals
what is an alkene and its properties
unsaturated, one double bond, more reactive than alkanes due to extra hydrogen bond
what is an addition reaction
two or more molecules combine to form a single larger molecule
alkenes+oxygen formula
alkene + oxygen = carbon monoxide + carbon +water
burn with smoky flame
alkenes+hydrogen formula
alkene + hydrogen + nickel catalyst = alkane
alkenes+halogens formula
alkene + halogen = dibromoalkene
halogen commonly bromine water which causes colour change from brown-orange to colourless
alkene+steam formula
alkene + steam + phosphoric acid catalyst = alcohol
sodium+alcohol formula
sodium + alcohol = hydrogen+sodium alkoxide
oxygen+alcohol formula (non-combustion)
oxidising agent + alcohol = carboxylic agent
water+alcohol formula
water + alcohol = neutral solution
oxygen+alcohol formula (combustion)
air + heat + alcohol = carbon dioxide + water
fermentation formula
yeast + sugar solution = ethanol (aq) + carbon dioxide
ideal conditions for fermentation
37 degrees celcius, slightly acidic solution, anaerobic
are carboxylic acids weak or strong?
weak- only partially ionise in water
carboxylic acid+water formula
carboxylic acid + water = solution with acidic pH
carboxylic acid+metal carbonates formula
carboxylic acids + metal carbonates = salt + carbon dioxide + water
carboxylic acids+alcohol formula
carboxylic acid + alcohol + acid catalyst = ester + water
product of this reaction: alkene monomers undergo addition polymerisation
poly(alkene)
what is condensation polymerisation
joining together of monomers with 2 functional groups to produce larger polymers and small by-products
what does condensation polymerisation bind and make
amino acids -> polypeptides + water
what is a polypeptide
Produced when peptide links form between the amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids.
properties of DNA
monomers are nucleotides, very large, double helix
what method is the best way to produce alcohol
industrial- lower labour costs, continuous process, fast rate of reaction, alcohol produced is high purity
fermentation- renewable, conditions are low maintainance, low energy
carboxylic acid formula
CnH2nO2
what does polyesters mean
lots of esters
how to draw poly-alkenes from alkenes
(addition polymers)
- [ ]
- draw monomers with the C=C
3.Add - on each [ ]
3 types of natural polymers
amino acids, DNA, starch/cellulose
what is an amino acid made up of
COOH (carboxyl group), NH2 (amino group)
