Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 1

It is the study of life and all of the chemical reactions related to life.

Question 2

What is a structural isomer?

Answer 2

When two molecules have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atom in space.

• means different chemical and physical properties

Question 3

Reaction of Alkanes

Answer 3

-Fairly unreactive which makes them valuable as lubrication materials.
-They can undergo combustion and substitution reactions.

Question 4

What is halogenation?

Answer 4

The specific type of substitution reaction alkanes undergo.
-When a hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen (Cl, Br etc) to form an ALKYL HALIDE

Question 5

Alkyl Halides and IMFS

Answer 5

Due to the high electronegativity of halogens, alkyl halides are often polar molecules with dipole-dipole forces.
-Boiling & melting points are higher than those of corresponding alkanes.

Question 6

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 6

Alkenes & Alkynes since they are not bonded to the maximum possible number of atoms

Question 7

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

Answer 7

Alkanes, enes and ynes are all aliphatic hydrocarbons which means their structures are based on straight or branched chains or rings of carbon atoms.

Question 8

What are stereoisomerism?

Answer 8

Molecules that have the same number of atoms, with the double bond in the same position but with a different 3D geometry around the double bond.
- only happens with alkENES

Question 9

Stereoisomers bonding and properties

Answer 9

• They cannot be changed from one to the other by simple rotation. Bonds would have to be broken then reformed.
• They have distinct compounds with different properties (ex: dif melting points)

Question 10

What is a functional group?

Answer 10

A group of atoms within a molecule that determines the properties of the molecule.
- It is the reactive part of a molecule

• multiple bonds are considered functional groups.

Question 11

What is an Aromatic Hydrocarbon?

Answer 11

They’re unsaturated hydrocarbons that have a ring structure and a bonding arrangement that causes it to be chemically stable.

• simplest is BENZENE (carcinogen)

Question 12

Properties of aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 12

Symmetrical structure causes most to be non-polar molecules
UNLESS they have an electronegative substituent group.

Question 13

Alcohols

Answer 13

• Contains the hydroxyl functional group (-OH)

PHENOL is a OH attached to a benzene ring

Question 14

Polyalcohols

Answer 14

Alcohols containing more than one hydroxyl group - use DIOL or TRIOL

Question 15

Ethers

Answer 15

Contains an oxygen atom between two carbon atoms in a chain

ex) Ethoxyethane

Question 16

Thiols

Answer 16

Contain the sulfhydryl (-SH) functional group
- Add THIOL

ex) Ethanethiol

Question 17

Aldehydes

Answer 17

Contains a carbonyl (carbon double bonded to O atom) group that is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom
- (on end)

• Use suffix al
  ex) propanal

Question 18

Ketone

Answer 18

Carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms
- (in middle)

• Use suffix one
  ex) propanone

Question 19

Carboxyl Acids

Answer 19

Carbon atom that is double bonded to one oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group

• use suffix oic acid or dioc
  ex) butanoic acid

Question 20

Carboxylic acid

Answer 20

When a carboxyl group is added to a ring structure we use the suffix CARBOXYLIC ACID, added to the name of the cyclic compound.

ex) cyclopentanecarboxylic acid

Question 21

Esters

Answer 21

Contains a carbonyl group bonded to a second oxygen atom which is bonded to another carbon atom.

• suffix oate

Question 22

What is esterification?

Answer 22

The process which reacts alcohols and carboxylic acids to make esters while eliminating water.

Question 23

What are triglycerides?

Answer 23

Fats & Oils - Esters made from long chains of fatty acids. TRI, means that three acids are bonded to an alcohol.

Question 24

Saponification

Answer 24

The process in which fats and oils are heated in the presence of a strong base to make soap.

• REVERSE esterification

Question 25

Polymers

Answer 25

Large chain-like molecules made by linking up smaller repeating chemical units.

Question 26

Monomer

Answer 26

The smaller, repeating unit which builds up the polymer.

Question 27

Polymerization

Answer 27

A chemical process by which monomers are joined to form polymers.

Question 28

Homopolymer

Answer 28

A polymer of a single type of monomer

Question 29

Copopolymer

Answer 29

Has two or more types of monomers combined to form the polymer chain.

Question 30

When is benzene not a parent?

Answer 30

-carbon chains of 6 or more
-double or triple bonds
= becomes phenyl group

Question 31

What is called when benzene has one hydroxyl

how do you name it when there’s 2+

Answer 31

phenol

benzene is root word

Question 32

What if there’s both a ketone and an aldehyde in one structure?

Answer 32

ketone = oxo
ex) 4-oxopentanal

Question 33

What is the difference between an alkyl group and substituent group

Answer 33

alkyl - branch of carbons off the main structure of molecule, type of substituent
substituent - atom or group that replaces hydrogen in an organic molecule

Question 34

What is the minimal amount of carbons needed to form a structural isomer?

Answer 34

4 - if you have any less the four carbons will always be in the same arrangement making no possible isomers.

Question 35

How does the addition of soap to water allow water to dissolve a non polar molecule like oil?

Answer 35

When soap is added to water the hydrophilic part of the soap interacts with the polar water molecules, while the hydrophobic part interreacts with non polar oil molecules. The hydrophilic heads contact the water, thus allowing oil to dissolve oil.