Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
It is the study of life and all of the chemical reactions related to life.
What is a structural isomer?
When two molecules have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atom in space.
- means different chemical and physical properties
Reaction of Alkanes
-Fairly unreactive which makes them valuable as lubrication materials.
-They can undergo combustion and substitution reactions.
What is halogenation?
The specific type of substitution reaction alkanes undergo.
-When a hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen (Cl, Br etc) to form an ALKYL HALIDE
Alkyl Halides and IMFS
Due to the high electronegativity of halogens, alkyl halides are often polar molecules with dipole-dipole forces.
-Boiling & melting points are higher than those of corresponding alkanes.
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Alkenes & Alkynes since they are not bonded to the maximum possible number of atoms
What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?
Alkanes, enes and ynes are all aliphatic hydrocarbons which means their structures are based on straight or branched chains or rings of carbon atoms.
What are stereoisomerism?
Molecules that have the same number of atoms, with the double bond in the same position but with a different 3D geometry around the double bond.
- only happens with alkENES
Stereoisomers bonding and properties
- They cannot be changed from one to the other by simple rotation. Bonds would have to be broken then reformed.
- They have distinct compounds with different properties (ex: dif melting points)
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms within a molecule that determines the properties of the molecule.
- It is the reactive part of a molecule
- multiple bonds are considered functional groups.
What is an Aromatic Hydrocarbon?
They’re unsaturated hydrocarbons that have a ring structure and a bonding arrangement that causes it to be chemically stable.
- simplest is BENZENE (carcinogen)
Properties of aromatic hydrocarbons
Symmetrical structure causes most to be non-polar molecules
UNLESS they have an electronegative substituent group.
Alcohols
- Contains the hydroxyl functional group (-OH)
PHENOL is a OH attached to a benzene ring
Polyalcohols
Alcohols containing more than one hydroxyl group - use DIOL or TRIOL
Ethers
Contains an oxygen atom between two carbon atoms in a chain
ex) Ethoxyethane
Thiols
Contain the sulfhydryl (-SH) functional group
- Add THIOL
ex) Ethanethiol
Aldehydes
Contains a carbonyl (carbon double bonded to O atom) group that is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom
- (on end)
- Use suffix al
ex) propanal
Ketone
Carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms
- (in middle)
- Use suffix one
ex) propanone
Carboxyl Acids
Carbon atom that is double bonded to one oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group
- use suffix oic acid or dioc
ex) butanoic acid
Carboxylic acid
When a carboxyl group is added to a ring structure we use the suffix CARBOXYLIC ACID, added to the name of the cyclic compound.
ex) cyclopentanecarboxylic acid
Esters
Contains a carbonyl group bonded to a second oxygen atom which is bonded to another carbon atom.
- suffix oate
What is esterification?
The process which reacts alcohols and carboxylic acids to make esters while eliminating water.
What are triglycerides?
Fats & Oils - Esters made from long chains of fatty acids. TRI, means that three acids are bonded to an alcohol.
Saponification
The process in which fats and oils are heated in the presence of a strong base to make soap.
- REVERSE esterification
Polymers
Large chain-like molecules made by linking up smaller repeating chemical units.
Monomer
The smaller, repeating unit which builds up the polymer.
Polymerization
A chemical process by which monomers are joined to form polymers.
Homopolymer
A polymer of a single type of monomer
Copopolymer
Has two or more types of monomers combined to form the polymer chain.
When is benzene not a parent?
-carbon chains of 6 or more
-double or triple bonds
= becomes phenyl group
What is called when benzene has one hydroxyl
how do you name it when there’s 2+
phenol
benzene is root word
What if there’s both a ketone and an aldehyde in one structure?
ketone = oxo
ex) 4-oxopentanal
What is the difference between an alkyl group and substituent group
alkyl - branch of carbons off the main structure of molecule, type of substituent
substituent - atom or group that replaces hydrogen in an organic molecule
What is the minimal amount of carbons needed to form a structural isomer?
4 - if you have any less the four carbons will always be in the same arrangement making no possible isomers.
How does the addition of soap to water allow water to dissolve a non polar molecule like oil?
When soap is added to water the hydrophilic part of the soap interacts with the polar water molecules, while the hydrophobic part interreacts with non polar oil molecules. The hydrophilic heads contact the water, thus allowing oil to dissolve oil.
What do you call a hydroxyl group if its bonded to a terminal carbon atom? one with two alkyl groups? one with three?
- primary alcohol
- secondary alcohol
- tertiary alcohol
