organic chemistry Flashcards
definition of homologous series
a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
what are hydrocarbon
a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
what is a functional group
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
What is a general formula
the simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
e.g. for an alkane: CnH2n+2
What is a molecular formula
shows number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule E.g. for ethanol: C2H6O
What is an empirical formula
simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of elements present in compounds
Eg glucose with molecular formula C6H12O6
Has CH2O as its empirical formula
What is structural formula
shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule e.g. for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2) 2CH3
What is the display formula
the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them eg methanol
H
|
H —- C —- O —- H
|
H
what is the Skeletal formula
the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups e.g. for butan-2-ol:
OH
|
/\/
What does saturated Carbon chain mean
Chain with no C=C double bonds only C-C
What are aliphatic hydrocarbons
carbons join in branched, cyclic or unbranched chains
What are alicyclic hydrocarbons
carbons join in ring structures
What are aromatic hydrocarbons
some or all carbons found in a benzene ring
What are structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
What are the three types of structural isomers
Chain, positional, functional
How are curly arrows used
To show the movement of the pair of Electrons in a reaction mechanism
What is Homolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond where Each bonding Atom receives one electron from bonded pair that’s broken forming 2 radicals
Br2 -> 2Br.
what is heterolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond where One bonding item receives both electrons from the bonded pair leaving one negative ion and one positive ion eg Br2 -> Br- + Br+
What is an addition reaction And give an example
When two reactants join to form 1 product
C3H6 + Br2 -> C3H6Br2
What is a substitution reaction And give an example
When an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or a group
C3H7OH + Br- -> C3H7Br + OH-
What is an elimination reaction and give an example
the removal of a small molecule from a larger one, one reactants forms 2 products
C3H7OH -> C3H6 + H2O
Why do carbons form a large number of compounds
- They form single double and triple bonds
- they can form chains of carbon atoms
- they can form bonds to other atoms like oxygen nitrogen halogens
What is the empirical formula and molecular of benzene
CH C6H6
What is a radical
A highly reactive species with an unpaired electron
