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Chemistry A Level > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formulae but have a different spatial arrangement of atoms.

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2
Q

What causes E-Z isomers?

A

E-Z isomers exist due to restricted rotation about the C=C bond.

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3
Q

Can single carbon-carbon covalent bonds rotate?

A

Yes, single carbon-carbon covalent bonds can easily rotate.

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4
Q

How do you determine E-Z stereoisomers?

A

First determine the priority groups on both sides of the double bond.

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5
Q

What is the labeling for Z isomers?

A

If the priority atom is on the same side of the double bond, it is labelled Z from the German ‘Zusammen’ (The same side!).

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6
Q

What is the labeling for E isomers?

A

If the priority atom is on the opposite side of the double bond, it is labelled E from the German ‘entgegen’ (The opposite side!).

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7
Q

What is cis-trans isomerism?

A

Cis-trans isomerism is a special case of E-Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups are the same.

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8
Q

Do alkenes exhibit E-Z stereoisomerism?

A

Yes, alkenes can exhibit a type of isomerism called E-Z stereoisomerism.

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9
Q

What is a structural isomer of But-2-ene?

A

But-1-ene is a structural isomer of But-2-ene but does not show E-Z isomerism.

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10
Q

How can E-Z isomerism be represented?

A

Skeletal formulae can also represent E-Z isomerism.

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11
Q

What defines a priority group?

A

The atom with the bigger atomic number is classed as the priority atom.

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12
Q

What are isomers?

A

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.

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13
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures (or structural formulae).

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14
Q

What are the types of structural isomerism?

A

Structural isomerism can arise from chain isomerism, position isomerism, and functional group isomerism.

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15
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Chain isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton.

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16
Q

What is an example of chain isomers?

A

Pentane and 2-methylbutane are examples of chain isomers.

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17
Q

What are position isomers?

A

Position isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton.

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18
Q

What is an example of position isomers?

A

1-bromopropane and ethanol are examples of position isomers.

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19
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Functional group isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups.

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20
Q

What is an example of functional group isomers?

A

2,2-dimethyl propane and methoxymethane are examples of functional group isomers.

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21
Q

How does EDEXCEL categorize structural isomers?

A

EDEXCEL does not split structural isomers into different categories.

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22
Q

What is the relationship between alkenes and cycloalkanes?

A

Alkenes and cycloalkanes have the same general formula but different functional groups.

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23
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

24
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2.

25
Q

How are alkanes obtained from crude oil?

A

Alkanes are obtained through fractional distillation, cracking, and reformation of crude oil.

26
Q

What is petroleum?

A

Petroleum is a mixture consisting mainly of hydrocarbons.

27
Q

What is a petroleum fraction?

A

A petroleum fraction is a mixture of hydrocarbons with a similar chain length and boiling point range.

28
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

Oil is pre-heated and passed into a column where fractions condense at different heights based on boiling points.

29
Q

What affects boiling points in fractional distillation?

A

Boiling points depend on the size of the molecules.

30
Q

What is cracking?

A

Cracking is the conversion of large hydrocarbons to smaller molecules by breaking C-C bonds.

31
Q

What happens to larger hydrocarbons during cracking?

A

Larger hydrocarbons are converted into smaller alkanes, alkenes, and hydrogen.

32
Q

Why is catalytic cracking economically important?

A

It is used to make use of excess larger hydrocarbons and to supply demand for shorter ones.

33
Q

What are the products of cracking used for?

A

The products of cracking are more useful and valuable, such as ethene used to make poly(ethene) and ethanol.

34
Q

What types of hydrocarbons burn more cleanly?

A

Branched and cyclic hydrocarbons burn more cleanly.

35
Q

What is the temperature range for kerosene?

A

Kerosene is typically produced at around 180°C.

36
Q

What is the temperature range for lubricating oils?

A

Lubricating oils are produced at around 340°C.

37
Q

What is the difference between physical and chemical processes in cracking?

A

Cracking is a chemical process involving the splitting of strong covalent bonds, requiring high temperatures.

38
Q

What is the overall reaction of alkanes with chlorine in UV light?

A

CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl

Methane reacts with chlorine to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.

39
Q

What is the mechanism called for the reaction of alkanes with halogens?

A

Free radical substitution.

40
Q

What is the essential condition for the reaction of alkanes with halogens?

A

UV light.

41
Q

What occurs during the initiation step of the reaction?

A

Cl₂ → 2Cl•

The UV light supplies energy to break the Cl-Cl bond.

42
Q

What happens during the propagation step of the reaction?

A

CH₄ + Cl• → HCl + CH₃•

The chlorine free radicals react with methane to produce HCl and a methyl free radical.

43
Q

What is the termination step in the free radical substitution reaction?

A

Collision of two free radicals does not generate further free radicals.

44
Q

What is a free radical?

A

A reactive species which possesses an unpaired electron.

45
Q

What is the process called when a bond breaks to form free radicals?

A

Homolytic fission.

46
Q

Why do alkanes not react with many reagents?

A

The C-C bond and the C-H bond are relatively strong.

47
Q

What is a minor step leading to impurities in the product?

A

Formation of ethane.

48
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

49
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

The general formula is CnH2n.

50
Q

What type of bond do alkenes contain?

A

Alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond.

51
Q

What types of bonds make up a C=C double bond?

A

A C=C double bond consists of one sigma (σ) bond and one pi (π) bond.

52
Q

What is the result of the overlap of sp² orbitals in alkenes?

A

One sp² orbital from each carbon overlaps to form a single C-C bond called a sigma (σ) bond.

53
Q

What is restricted in alkenes due to the presence of a pi bond?

A

There is restricted rotation about a pi bond.

54
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

Electrophiles are species that ‘like’ electrons and are vulnerable to attack by the high electron density of alkenes.

55
Q

How is a pi bond formed?

A

The pi bond is formed by sideways overlap of two p orbitals on each carbon atom.

56
Q

What is the strength comparison between sigma and pi bonds?

A

The pi bond is weaker than the sigma bond.

57
Q

What does the pi bond lead to in terms of electron density?

A

The pi bond leads to resultant high electron density above and below the line between the two nuclei.

Chemistry A Level (3 decks)

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