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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

molecular formula

A

actual numbers of each element in a compound (e.g ethene = CH2)

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1
Q

empirical formula

A

simplest whole number ratio for each element in a compound (e.g ethene = C2H4 -> CH2)

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2
Q

structural formula

A

formula which shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound (ethene = CH2 CH2)

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2
Q

displayed formula

A

shows the symbols for each atom in a compound, with straight lines representing the covalent bonds

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3
Q

homologous series

A

series of compounds with the same general formula and similar properties

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4
Q

isomerism

A

compounds with the same molecular formula exist in different forms due to different arrangements of atoms

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5
Q

functional group

A

a group of atoms responsible for the chemical reactions of a compound

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6
Q

prefixes (up to six)

A
  1. meth-
  2. eth-
  3. prop-
  4. but-
  5. pent-
  6. hex-
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7
Q

suffixes

A

alkane: -ane
alkene: -ene
alcohols: -ol
carboxylic acid: -anoic acid
esters: -yl -oate

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8
Q

what is an addition reaction

A

two molecules combine together to form a single larger molecule

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9
Q

what is a substitution product

A

a functional group in a compound gets replaced by another functional group (two products)

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10
Q

what is combustion

A

fuel that is burnt with oxygen to release energy

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11
Q

sufficient hydrocarbon combustion formula

A

fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O

fuel + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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12
Q

insufficient hydrocarbons combustion formula

A

fuel + O2 → CO + C + H2O
fuel + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon particles (soot) + water

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13
Q

why can insufficient combustion happen

A

insufficient amount of oxygen to react fully and burn

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14
Q

why is carbon monoxide dangerous to the body

A

carbon monoxide binds with the haemoglobin in your red blood cells, replacing what should be oxygen hence your body doesnt get the oxygen needed for muscles/to respire. you may suffocate/die lol

15
Q

what is crude oil

A

a finite resource that’s made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons, containing molecules where carbon atoms are in chains and rings

16
Q

fractional distillation

A

-crude oil is heated in the fractionating column, where it’s hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
-the oil evaporates and its vapours rise through the bottom. they condense when they reach a fraction cool enough
-smaller hydrocarbon molecules leave the column as gas with low boiling points. longer ones have high boiling points, leaving as hot liquid bitumen

17
Q

order of fractional distillation columns (cool -> hot)

A

refinery gases/liquified petroleum gas (domestic heating and cooking)
gasoline/petrol (car fuel)
kerosene (aircraft fuel)
diesel (some cars and trains)
fuel oil (large ships)
bitumen (surface road/roofs)

18
Q

shorter vs longer hydrocarbon features

A

shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points
longer hydrocarbons are more viscous
colour is more darker with longer hydrocarbons
shorter hydrocarbons burn cleaner

19
Q

fuel

A

substance that releases heat energy when burnt

20
Q

where does sulfur dioxide come from

A

impurities in hydrocarbon fuels when burning them

21
Q

where can oxides of nitrogen come from

A

lightning/temperatures reached in car engines

22
Q

where does acid rain come from

A

when sulfur dioxide/nitrogen oxides are emitted in the atmosphere, they mix with rainwater to create H+ ions

these can corrode rocks/buildings or alter the pH in soil/rivers, affecting ecosystems

23
Q

what is cracking

A

splitting long chained hydrocarbons to produce smaller, more useful molecules

24
Q

process of cracking

A

vaporise the hydrocarbon

either passed over a hot catalyst, or mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature

25
Q

products of cracking

A

alkanes + alkenes

26
Q

catalysts in cracking hydrocarbons

A

zeolite - silicon oxide and aluminum oxide

27
Q

temperature required for steam cracking

A

600-700˚C

28
Q

mp

A

chemistry (5 decks)

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