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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How is crude oil separated

A

Fractional distilation

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2
Q

How are molecules separated in fractional distillation

A

By their boiling points

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3
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound made of only carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

Which hydrocarbons have higher boiling points

A

Longer chains

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5
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation

A
  1. The crude oil is heated until it boils
  2. The vapour passes into a fractionating column (large tower)
  3. Different fractions condense and are drawn off at different heights in the tower
  4. The hydrocarbons with the highest boiling points (longer chains) condense towards the bottom of the tower
  5. The smaller hydrocarbon molecules travel further up the columns until they condense and are drawn off.
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6
Q

What are the different products of fractional distillation (6)

A

Refinery gas
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen

Retarded George Kelly dies from burning

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7
Q

What is refinery gas used for

A

Bottled gas for heating and cooking

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8
Q

What is gasoline used for

A

Fuel (petrol) in cars

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9
Q

What is kerosine used for

A

Used in oil stoves (paraffin) and as aircraft fuel

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10
Q

What is diesel used for

A

Fuel in diesel engines (e.g. lorries + buses)

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11
Q

What observations can be made as the chain length of hydrocarbons increases (3)

A

Increasing boiling point
Increasing viscosity (thicker)
Darker colour

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12
Q

What is crude oil

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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13
Q

What is the definition of a fuel

A

A substance that releases heat energy when burned

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14
Q

What are the products when hydrocarbons burn with lots of oxygen and what is this reaction called

A

Carbon dioxide + water. Combustion reaction (complete combustion)

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15
Q

What happens when a hydrocarbon burns in a limited supply of oxygen + what are the products

A

Incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide, soot (C) and water

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16
Q

What are the environmental problems with burning fossil fuels

A

The greenhouse effect and acid rain

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17
Q

What happens in car engines

A

Nitrogen oxide (2NO) is formed

N2+O2-> 2NO

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18
Q

Why is sulphuric acid produced from burning fossil fuels

A

They contain impurities such as sulphur

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19
Q

What does sulphur dioxide + water form

A

Sulphuric acid

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20
Q

What is the compound NO

A

Nitric oxide/nitrogen monoxide

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21
Q

What can the compound NO converted to and what does the converted compound do

A

Nitric acid - contributes to acid rain

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22
Q

Name the first 5 organic chemistry stems in order

A
  1. Meth-
  2. Eth-
  3. Prop-
  4. But-
  5. Pent-
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23
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A series of compounds with the same functional group. Can usually be described by a general formula.

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24
Q

What are the properties of a homologous series (4)

A

Same functional group
Same general formula
Similar chemical properties
Graduation in physical properties

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25
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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26
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes

A

C=C

C double bond C

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27
Q

What conditions are required for alkanes to react with halogens

A

UV light

28
Q

What is the functional group of alkanes

A

There isn’t one

29
Q

What is a substitution reaction

A

An atom or group in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group

30
Q

What gas is produced when an alkane reacts with a halogen

A

Hydrogen halogen e.g. HBr

31
Q

Does sunlight have UV light

A

Yes

32
Q

What happens when an alkane reacts with a halogen

A

The halogen displaced a hydrogen in the alkane

33
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes

A

C=C

34
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

35
Q

What is saturated: alkene or alkane

A

Alkane

36
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated

A

They contain a double bond

37
Q

How can you test if a hydrocarbon is saturated

A

Mix it with bromine water:
Alkene. (Unsaturated) goes from orange to COLOURLESS (NOT CLEAR) but alkanes (saturated) stay orange

38
Q

What happens when a halogen reacts with an alkene

A

The double bond is broken and the halogen is added with no gas given off

39
Q

Where does a halogen go when reacting with an alkene

A

On the carbons which made up the C=C. Always next to each other

40
Q

What is the definition of an isomer

A

Two or more compounds which have the same molecular formula (e.g C4H10) but different displayed (structural) formula

41
Q

What must you never say when defining isomers because it is too vague

A

Chemical formula

42
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols

A

-O-H

43
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+2O

E.g C5H12O

44
Q

What must a displayed formula show

A

Every bond in a molecule

45
Q

What is the emprirical formula

A

The most simple ratio

E.g glucose is normally C6H12O6 but the empirical formula is CH2O

46
Q

What conditions are required for catalytic hydration to make ethanol from ethene(4)

A

Steam
300ºC,
60-70atm of pressure
and phosphoric acid as a catalyst

47
Q

What conditions are required for the fermentation of ethanol from glucose

A

30ºC, anaerobic, yeast

48
Q

What is done for chemical oxidation of ethanol

A

Ethanol is heated with potassium dichromate(VI) and sulphuric acid

49
Q

What colour does ethanol + potassium dichromate + sulphuric acid go and start at

A

Orange to green

50
Q

What is the functional group of the carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

51
Q

What is the oxidising agent in the chemical oxidation of ethanol

A

Potassium dichromate(VI)

52
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids

A

CnH2nO2

53
Q

What is the ester functional group

A

O
II
-C-O-(C)

The C is in brackets because on the gcse syllabus it isn’t there, but since carboxylic acids also have the same fuctional group as the esters, we add the C to differentiate because the carboxylic acids have an H there

54
Q

What is the name for the formation of esters

A

Esterification

55
Q

When forming an ester, what does the alcohol lose and what does the carboxylic acid lose

A

Alcohol - H
Carboxylic acid - OH

56
Q

How do you work out the alcohol and functional group from the ester

A
  1. Find the oxygen that is bonded by 2 C atoms, one of which has a C=O above it
  2. Split it away from the C=O
    Add H to the side with no double bond
    Add OH to the side with the C=O double bond
57
Q

How do you prepare an ester (method)

A
  1. Put ethanol (1cm^3) and ethanoic acid (1cm^3) into a test tube
  2. Add 3-4 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid (catalyst)
  3. Place into an 80ºC water bath for 5 mins
    Pour into a beaker containing sodium carbonate solution
58
Q

Why must esters not be made over a Bunsen burner

A

Esters and alcohols are very flammable so Bunsen burners are not safe to use

59
Q

Are addition polymers more or less reactive than condensation polymers

A

Less

60
Q

What is a diol

A

Has an O-H group at each end of the chain

61
Q

What is a dicarboxylic acid

A

A carboxylic acid that has 2 COOH groups

62
Q

When doing condensation polymerisation, what does the dicarboxylic acid lose and what does the diol lose

A

Dicarboxylic acid - OH
Diol - H

Remember this is taken from both sides of the chain

63
Q

What is the general formula for condensation polymers

A

n lots of the repeat unit
2n lots of water

64
Q

What are the monomers of condensation polymerisation

A

Dicarboxylic acid + diol

65
Q

What is the monomer in addition polymerisation

A

Alkene

66
Q

What are the other products of condensation polymerisation other than the monomers

A

Water (remember because condensation is to do with water)

67
Q

What are the other products of addition polymerisation other than the monomer

A

Nothing

Chemistry (3 decks)

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