organic chemistry

Question 1

what is an addition reaction?

Answer 1

when atoms are added to a compound containing double or triple bonds

Question 2

what is a hydrogenation reaction

Answer 2

adding hydrogen to alkene to create a alkane (eg. ethene + H2 = ethane)

Question 3

what is the catalyst for a hydrogenation reaction

Answer 3

metal compounds like platinum, palladium, and nickel act as a catalyst.

This process effectively lowers the activation energy of the reaction, making it proceed faster and more efficiently than it would without the catalyst.

Question 4

what is a halogenation reaction

Answer 4

reaction that has a halogen added. (eg. alkene + halogen = dihaloalkane)

Question 5

what is a halogen

Answer 5

any molecule that has two of the same thing (eg. Cl2, Br2)

Question 6

what id the catalyst for a halogenation reaction

Answer 6

it doesnt have one because the halogens are quite reactive and will break the double bond themselves

Question 7

what is a hydrohalogenation reaction?

Answer 7

a molecule with hydrogen bonded to a halogen (eg. alkene + hydrogen halide (HCI) = haloalkene)

Question 8

what is markovnikovs rule?

Answer 8

when a hydrogen halide is added to an asymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen will attach to the carbon with the most hydrogen

Question 9

what is a hydration reaction?

Answer 9

adding water to make an alcohol (eg. alkene + water = alcohol)

Question 10

what is the catalyst for a hydration reaction?

Answer 10

diluted sulfuric acid H2SO3

Dilute sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst because it donates protons (H⁺ ions), which increases the reactivity of the reactants

Question 11

what is a dehydration reaction

Answer 11

the opposite of hydration

Question 12

what is the catalyst for a dehydration reaction

Answer 12

concentrated sulfuric acid

provides a high concentration of protons (H⁺ ions) and acts as a strong dehydrating agent, removing water from the reaction mixture and driving the reaction forward.

Question 13

what kind of compounds are used in addition reactions?

Answer 13

unsaturated alkenes

Question 14

what kind of compounds are used in substitution reactions?

Answer 14

saturated alkanes

Question 15

what is a substitution reaction

Answer 15

replacing one species on a molecule with another

Question 16

how do the halogens break apart in a substitution reaction

Answer 16

with the aid of uv light

Question 17

how does a substitution reaction work with a halogen

Answer 17

the halogen will first need to break with the aid of uv light. As this breaks it produces a free radical (unpaired electron that is super reactive). Because of this super reactivity the alkane will break off on of its hydrogens to replace it with the unpaired halogen.