organic chemistry Flashcards
what are hydrocarbons
molecules made from only carbon and hydrogen
what does crude oil consist of
HYDROCARBONS
what is crude oil
made from plankton buried underwater and compressed over a long time
what are the two types of hydrocarbons
alkenes and alkanes
what are alkanes
made of single covalently bonded carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms
(the are saturated)
what is the general formula for alkanes
CnH2n+2
what order for the names
meth- 1 carbon
eth- 2 carbons
prop- 3 carbons
but- 4 carbons
why do we use fractional distillation
The hydrocarbons in crude oil must be separated into fractions before they can be used
how does fractional distillation take place
they’re evaporated and they rise up the fractionating column where they recondense at different heights: higher = colder
why do longer alkanes recompense lower down the column
they have higher boiling points due to more energy needed to overcome the stronger intermolecular forces
what’s the order of gasses in the column
- LPG
- Petrol
- Kerosene
- Diesel oil
- Heavy fuel oil
- Bitumen
complete combustion equation
fuel + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
incomplete combustion
fuel + oxygen -> carbon monoxide/carbon + water
which alkanes have:
-higher viscosity
-more flammable
-longer alkanes
-shorter alkanes
uses of hydrocarbons
- Solvents
- Lubricants
- Detergents
- Polymers (only alkenes)
what is an alkene
- A hydrocarbon with at least one double covalent bond
- Are unsatured
what is the general formula for alkenes
CnH2n
how to test for alkenes
they will turn bromine water from orange to colourless
what is cracking
break longer alkanes into a shorter alkane and an alkene to meet these demands
what is alcohol
an organic molecule with an -OH functional group
finish the equation:
ethanol + sodium
ethanol + sodium -> sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
what happens to an alcohol when it’s oxidised
produces a carboxylate acid (-COOH)
what is a polymer
long chained molecules of repeating sections made from monomers
how are monomers joined together
by addition polymerisation must contain a double bond, which breaks in order to produce a single bond to bond to the next monomer
