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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Crude oil

A

Remains of ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules made up of carbon and hydrogen only

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3
Q

About alkanes

A
  • CnH2n+2
  • MEPB (methane, ethane…)
  • saturated hydrocarbons (molecules with only single bonds between C atoms)
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4
Q

Fractional distillation

A

Evaporation:

  • Crude oil is heated until it evaporates.
  • Crude oil vapour is put into a fractionating column at the bottom and rises upwards

Condensation:

  • The temperature is highest at the bottom of the column. Long-chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom and are collected as liquids.
  • Short-chain hydrocarbons have lower boiling points -> they pass up the column and condense at lower temperatures nearer the top
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5
Q

Petrochemicals

A

The fractions in fractional distillation can be processed to produce fuel and feedstock for the petrochemical industry
-> eg kerosene

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6
Q

Properties of hydrocarbons

A
  • the shorter the molecules the less viscous
  • the shorter the lower its boiling point
  • the shorter the more flammable
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7
Q

The 2 cracking processes of hydrocarbons

A
  1. Passing them over a hot catalyst (catalytic cracking)
  2. Mixing them with steam and heating to very high temperatures -> so that thermal decomposition can occur (steam cracking)
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8
Q

Alkenes

A
  • CnH2n
  • unsaturated (have at least one carbon double bond)
  • first 4 are ethene, propane, butene and pentene
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9
Q

Test for alkenes

A

React with bromine water to turn it from orange to colourless

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10
Q

Why don’t alkanes react with bromine water

A

Because it doesn’t have a double bond like alkene which makes alkenes more reactive

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11
Q

Why are products of cracking useful as fuels

A

They have shorter chains than the original alkanes making them more flammable

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12
Q

Alkenes reactions

A

With oxygen:
- burn in air with smoky flames because of incomplete combustion (C or CO is formed)

also react with halogens, water and hydrogen
- the double bond breaks and joins with the new reactant

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13
Q

Alkenes with halogens, water and hydrogen (hydration, hydrogenation, halogenation)

A
  • the C=C breaks to form a C-C bond
  • the added compounds splits in 2 and are added to either of the Cs
  • H2O splits into H and OH, H2 splits into 2 Hs and Br2 splits into 2 Brs
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14
Q

What is the alcohol functional group

A

-OH

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15
Q

The first 4 alcohols and their letter symbols

A

Methanol -> CH3OH
Ethanol -> C2H5OH
Propanol -> C3H7OH
Butanol -> C4H9OH

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16
Q

Reactions of alcohols

A

ignite ethanol:
- burn to produce carbon dioxide and water
- burns easily with blue flame

add water to universal indicator:
- dissolve to form a neutral solution (pH 7)

with sodium:
- bubbles/fizzing
- to produce hydrogen and a salt

warm with acidified sodium dichromate solution:
- sodium dichromate turns orange from green

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17
Q

Uses of alcohols

A
  • methanol: chemical feedstock
  • ethanol: alcoholic drinks
  • fuel
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18
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Alkene + hydrogen → alkane

-> needs a catalyst

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19
Q

Hydration

A

Alkene + water (steam) → alcohol

-> needs hot temperatures and a catalyst

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20
Q

Halogenation

A

Alkene + halogen → halogenoalkane

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21
Q

2 ways of preparing ethanol

A
  1. Fermentation
  2. Hydration of ethene with steam
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22
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

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23
Q

Letter symbols for the first few carboxylic acids

A

Methanoic acid -> CHOOH
Ethanoic acid -> CH3COOH
Propanoic acid -> C2H5COOH
Butanoic acid -> C3H7COOH

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24
Q

Reactions of carboxylic acids

A

with water:
- dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions

with metal carbonates:
- produce carbon dioxide, water, salt

with alcohols:
- to produce esters (needs an acid catalyst)

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25
Q

What does ethanol and ethanoic acid make

A

Ethyl ethanoate

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26
Q

Esters

A
  • don’t completely ionise in solutions, so don’t release many H+ ions , making carboxylic acids weak acids
        -> this means they have a higher pH than solutions if strong acids of the same concentration
27
Q

Addition polymers

A
  • formed by the joining up of many monomers to form polymers
  • only occurs in monomers that contain C=C bonds (alkenes)
28
Q

Condensation polymers

A

formed when monomers with 2 different functional are joined together

-> when they join they usually lose small molecules like water

29
Q

Pollsters

A

formed from two different monomers and produce water

30
Q

Amino acids

A
  • have 2 different functional groups in a molecule (an amine group and a carboxylic acid group)
  • they react by condensation polymerisations to produce polypeptides
  • different amino acids can be combined in a chain to form proteins
31
Q

DNA

A
  • two polymer chains made up of monomers called nucleotides in a double helix
32
Q

Other naturally occurring monomers

A

Protein -> amino acids
Starch -> glucose
Cellulose -> glucose

33
Q

What happens to volume of gas when temperature increases

A

It also increases

34
Q

What happens to volume of gas when pressure increases

A

It decreases

35
Q

Uses of ethanol

A
  • solvent (cosmetics, paints, alcoholic drinks)
  • disinfectants
  • fuels
36
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of fermentation

A

Adv
- takes places at lower temp -> lower energy cost
- raw materials -> sugar is renewable

Disadv
- CO2 is a waster product -> low atom economy
- slow reaction
- yield is low
- batch process
- ethanol is impure

37
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of hydration of ethene with steam to make ethanol

A

Adv
- fast reaction
- high yield
- 100% atom economy
- ethanol is pure
- continuous process

Disadv
- energy cost is high
- need high temp and pressure
- safety -> high pressure
- ethene -> crude oil is non-renewable

38
Q

What are biofuels made from

A

Biological sources
Eg, ethanol use as fuel

39
Q

Alcohol general formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

40
Q

Reactions of carboxylic acids

A

with carbonates:
- gentle fizzing

with alcohol:
- makes esters

41
Q

Name the one ester we have to know

A

Ethyl ethanoate

42
Q

Uses of esters

A
  • perfumes/nice fragrances
  • plasticisers
  • artificial flavourings
43
Q

What is a polymer

A

Long chain molecule made up of lots of repeating units (monomers) linked together

44
Q

Addition polymers

A
  • the monomers are alkenes
  • made up of all the same monomers
  • only one product
  • always synthetic
  • non-biodegradable
45
Q

Condensation polymers

A
  • the monomers contain different functional groups
  • not alkenes
  • two products -> polymer + water
  • can be synthetic
  • biodegradable
46
Q

What is a polyester formed from

A

Dicarboxylic acid and a diol

47
Q

What are polyamides formed from

A

Dicarboxylic acids and diamine

48
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acids

49
Q

What are starch and cellulose

A

Natural condensation polymers of glucose

50
Q

Thermosetting polymers

A
  • high melting points and durable
  • as polymer chains are held together by cross-links (covalent bonds)
51
Q

Thermosoftening polymers

A
  • low melting points and soft on heating
  • as they only have weak intermolecular forces between polymer chains
52
Q

What is addition polymerisation

A

Where alkene monomers link together to produce one saturated product (alkane)

53
Q

Combustion of hydrocarbons

A

Releases energy

-> during combustion the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised
-> complete combustion of a hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide and water

54
Q

Products of cracking

A

Alkanes and alkenes

55
Q

Why are products of cracking useful

A

There is a high demand for fuels with small molecules

56
Q

Functional group of alkenes

A

C=C

57
Q

Combustion of alkenes

A

Alkenes react with oxygen in combustion reactions and tend to burn in air with smoky flames because of incomplete combustion

58
Q

First 4 alcohols

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

59
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids

A

they only partially ionise in water, releasing only some of their hydrogen ions and so pH increases

60
Q

First 4 carboxylic acids

A

Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid

61
Q

What is used to make polymers

A

Alkenes

62
Q

Amino acids

A
  • Have 2 different functional groups
  • react by condensation polymerisation to produce polypeptides
63
Q

DNA

A

two polymer chains made from monomers called nucleotides in the form of a double helix

64
Q

Naturally occurring polymers

A

Protein, cellulose and starch

chem (12 decks)

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