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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

formula of carboxylic acids

A

COOH

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1
Q

structure of alcohols

A

have a structure of OH

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2
Q

how does a secondary alcohol turn into an ketone

A

heating with acidified potassium dichromate

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3
Q

how does a primary alcohol turn into a carboxylic acid

A

through heating with reflux acid to make an aldehyde
then heating again
or using acidified potassium dichromate

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4
Q

how does a primary alcohol turn into a aldehyde

A

heating with reflux acid

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5
Q

what is an alkyl group

A

has a formula C^n H^2n+1

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6
Q

how does an ester form

A

mixing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
formula COOC

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7
Q

what are alicyclic hydrocarbons

A

Compounds in which the carbon atoms are joined in a ring structure

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8
Q

what are aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Atleast one Benzene ring in the structure

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9
Q

what are aliphaticx hydrocarbons

A

Carbon atoms are joined in straight or unbranched chains

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10
Q

what is the homologous series

A

Where substances have similar structure and the same functional groups
same properties

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11
Q

formula for methane, ethane,propane,butane

A

CH4,C2H6,C3H8

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12
Q

general formula for alkanes and alkenes

A

CnH2n+2 / CnH2n

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13
Q

what are functional groups

A

They are what controls the characteristic chemical reactions

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14
Q

what is tye suffix

A

satuerated hydrocarbon / The simple worded detail of a substance (aldehyde has -al)

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

what is the prefix

A

indicate which carbon atom they are attched to

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17
Q

what is the stem

A

longest chain of carbon atoms

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18
Q

formula for alcohols
suffix, prefix

A

-OH / -OL / -HYDROXYL

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19
Q

formula for aldehydes
suffix, prefix

A

-CHO / -AL

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20
Q

formula of alkanes

A

C-C / -Ane

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21
Q

formula of alkene
suffix, prefix

A

C=C / -ENE

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22
Q

formula of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH / -OIC ACID

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23
Q

formula of haloalkane
suffix, prefix

A

-F,-CL,-BR,-I / -FLOURO, -CHLORO, -BROMO, -IODO

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24
Q

formula of ketone
suffix, prefix

A

C-C=O-C / -ONE

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25
Q

saturated and unsaturated hydRocarbons

A

saturated= no double bond / unsaturated=double bond (less hydrogen atoms)

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26
Q

Different types of formulas

A

Empirical, skeletal, displayed, structural, general,molecular

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27
Q

structural formula

A

minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in compounds

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28
Q

empirical formula

A

smallest number ratio of atoms in a compound

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29
Q

molercular formula

A

shows the numbers and types of atoms in a compound

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30
Q

skeletal formula

A

briefest way of representing organic molecules

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31
Q

isomers definition

A

atoms of elements with same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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32
Q

structural isomers

A

same molecular formula but different structural formula

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33
Q

stereoisomers

A

isomers with same structural formula and same molecular formula but different arrangement

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34
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

type of stereo isomerism, must have a C=C bond and both carbon atoms attached to different groups.

35
Q

cis-trans isomerism

A

type of E/Z isomerism-two substituents on the carbon atoms are the same

36
Q

when homolytiuc fission occurs?

A

when a covalent bond breaks and both electrons go to a different bonded atom

37
Q

when heterolytic fission occurs?

A

when a covalent bond breaks and both electrons go to the same bonded atom

38
Q

what does homolytic fission create

A

two reactive species called radicals form

39
Q

what does heterolytic fission create

A

results in a positive ion and a negative ion

40
Q

whatr bond is formed when two radicals collide?

A

covalent bond

41
Q

what are radicals?

A

species with one or more unpaired electrons

42
Q

boiling points ofalkanes

A

High boiling points but small range-derived from crude oil

43
Q

branched molecules have fewer ….. to ….. attractions compared to straight chain isomerism

A

induced dipole to dipole

44
Q

do branched molecules have a lower boiling point then straight chains

A

yes! this is due to them having fewer induced dipole-dipole interactions

45
Q

what is bond enthalpy?

A

amount of energy needed

46
Q

why do alkanes have a low reactivity with many reagants (2 reasons)

A
47
Q

products of complete combustion of alkanes?

A

co2,h20

48
Q

products of incomplete combustion of alkanes?

A

CO

49
Q

what is free radical substitution

A

alkanes react with UV light in the presence of chlorine or bromine

50
Q

when is free radical substitution ?

A

When you have an alkane and want to make a halogenalkane, a halogen replaces the H atom

51
Q

what is FRS used to make, and from what?

A

from alkanes to halogenalkanes

52
Q

negatives of free radical substitution

A

other organic molecules can be made and further substitution can occur

53
Q

what does initiation mean?

A

starting stage

54
Q

what does propagation mean

A

middle stage

55
Q

what does termination mean

A

final stage

56
Q

starter info of alkenes

A

form homologous series, unsaturated hydrocarbons, formula CnH2n

57
Q

shapes of alkene molecules

A

each member of a carbon atom has three areas of density around them- each electron density repels by the same amount forming bond angles of 120. And Trigonal planar shape

58
Q

bonding in alkenes

A

The C-H bonds are sigma bonds, a double C=C covalent bond makes a sigma bond and a PI bond forms from overlapping p-orbitals above and below the carbon atoms

59
Q

how is a sigma bond formed

A

from the overlap of covalent bonds of electrons

60
Q

why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

A

Double bond

61
Q

what are nucleophiles

A

electron acceptors

62
Q

what are electrophiles

A

electron donators

63
Q

what do curly arrows represent

A

the movement/transfer of a bonded pair of electrons

64
Q

what happens in an elecvtrophilic addition reaction

A
64
Q

difference between nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic addition

A
65
Q

why does hydrogenation happen and what changes into what

A
66
Q

what is hydrogenation

A
67
Q

what are the conditions needed in hydrogenation

A
68
Q

what happens in halogenation

A
68
Q

what is halogenation

A
69
Q

what type of reaction is a halogenation

A
70
Q

what catalyst is most likely used

A
71
Q

what does an alkene change into

A
72
Q

what is a hydration reaction

A
73
Q

what is a hydration reaction between

A
74
Q

conditions of hydration reactions?

A
75
Q

what catalyst is used?

A
76
Q

how are haloalkanes formed

A
77
Q

T OR F atleast one hydrogen atoms is replaced by a halogen atom

A
78
Q

bond enthalpy of formation

A
78
Q

enthalpy of neutralisation

A
78
Q

enthalpy of combustion

A
79
Q
A
80
Q
A
81
Q
A
82
Q
A

chemistry (2 decks)

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