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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Functional Group & Homologous Series Definition

A

A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

A homologous series is a family
of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same
functional group

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2
Q

General Formula of
-Alkanes
-Alkenes
-Alcohols
-Carboxylic Acids

A

(a) alkanes, CnH2n+2, C-C
(b) alkenes, CnH2n, C=C
(c) alcohols, CnH2n+1OH, C-C-OH
(d) carboxylic acids, CnH2n+1COOH, C-C=O-O

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3
Q

Structural Formulas & Isomers Definition

A

A structural formula is an
unambiguous description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged

Structural isomers as compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae.

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4
Q

Saturated & Unsaturated Compounds

A

A saturated compound has molecules in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single
bonds

An unsaturated compound has
molecules in which one or more carbon–carbon bonds are not single bonds

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5
Q

General Characteristics of a Homologous Series (5)

A

having the same functional group

having the same general formula

differing from one member to the next by
a –CH2– unit

displaying a trend in physical properties

sharing similar chemical properties

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6
Q

Naming Compounds (4)

A

Chemical name ending in -ane: Alkanes

Chemical name ending in -ene: Alkenes

Chemical name ending in -ol: Alcohols

Chemical name ending in -oic acid: Carboxylic acids

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7
Q

Name 3 Fossil Fuels
Hydrocarbons Definition
What is Petroleum

A

Fossil Fuels:
Coal
Natural Gas (Mainly Methane)
Petroleum

Hydrocarbons:
Compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only are hydrocarbons.

Petroleum Composition:
Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

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8
Q

Where is fractional Distillation used?

Properties/Trends of fractions (4)

Uses of fractions (8)

A

Fractional Distillation:
Petroleum is separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation.

Properties of Fractions:
(a) Decreasing chain length
(b) Higher volatility
(c) Lower boiling points
(d) Lower viscosity

Uses of Fractions:
(a) Refinery gas: Heating and cooking
(b) Gasoline/Petrol: Fuel for cars
(c) Naphtha: Chemical feedstock
(d) Kerosene/Paraffin: Jet fuel
(e) Diesel Oil/Gas Oil: Fuel for diesel engines
(f) Fuel Oil: Fuel for ships and home heating systems
(g) Lubricating Oil: Lubricants, waxes, and polishes
(h) Bitumen: Making roads

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9
Q

Esters
-Forming Esters
-Drawing Esters
-Naming Esters

A

a carboxylic acid reacts with an
alcohol using an acid catalyst to form an ester.

R-C=O-O-R where before the COO is the carboxylic acid, and after the COO is alcohol

Alchohol+YL Carboxylic Acid+ATE

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10
Q

Alkanes
-Bonding
-Type of Hydrocarbon
-Properties of Alkanes

A

Bonding: Single covalent bonds. C-C

Saturation: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

Properties of Alkanes:
Generally unreactive, except in:
Combustion reactions.

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11
Q

Alkane Reactions

-Complete Combustion
-Incomplete Combustion
-Substitution Reaction
-Cracking Reaction

A
  • Complete Combustion
    Alkane + Oxygen -> CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

-Incomplete Combustion
Alkane + Oxygen -> CO (g) + H2O (g)

-Substitution Reaction
Alkane + Chlorine -> Chloro___Ene + HCL (g)
Conditions : UV light for Ea, photochemical reaction

-Cracking Reaction
Alkane ->Alkane + Alkene
Alkane -> Alkene + H2
Conditions : Heat & Acid Catalyst

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12
Q

Alkenes
- Bonding & Properties
- Test for Saturated and
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

A

Bonding includes a double carbon-carbon (C=C) covalent bond.

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Test to Distinguish Between Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:

Reaction with aqueous bromine solution; unsaturated hydrocarbons decolorize the bromine solution.

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13
Q

Alkene Reactions

  • Combustion
  • Addition of Hydrogen, Water and bromine.
A

Combustion
Complete : CO2+ H2O
Incomplete : CO + H2O

Addition Reaction
Hydrogenation
Alkene + H2 -> Alkane
[150-300ºC, Nickel Catalyst]

Hydration
Alkene + H2O -> Alcohol
[300ºC, Phosphoric Acid Catalyst]

Bromination
Alkene + Br2 -> Colourless Liquid
Alkene + HBr2 -> Bromo____ene

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14
Q

Alcohol Reactions
-Combustion
-Oxidation
-Metal

A

-Combustion
Alcohol + Oxygen -> CO2+H2O

Oxidation
Alcohol —> Carboxylic Acid
- Acidified aqueous potassium
manganate(VII) : Oxidising Agent
-Bacterial oxidization in Vinegar production

Alcohol + Metal -> Salt + H2

Alcohol ⇌ Alkene
-Heat the alcohol with H2SO4
-Pass the vapour over Al2O3

-Dehydration, Remove H2O

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15
Q

Carboxylic Acids

  • Reaction of Ethanoic Acid (3)
  • Reaction of Carboxylic Acid with Alcohol
A

Reaction of Ethanoic Acid with:

(a) Metals:
Salt + H2 Formed
(b) Bases:
Salt + H2O Formed
(c) Carbonates:
Salt + CO2 + H2O

Name of Salt : Metal __ate

Reaction of Carboxylic Acid with Alcohol:

Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ester.

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16
Q

Polymers
- Definition

  • How is poly(ethene) formed?
  • Repeat Units & Linkages
A

Polymers: Large molecules formed from many smaller molecules called monomers.

Formation of Poly(ethene):
Poly(ethene) is formed by addition polymerization using ethene monomers.

Repeat Units and Linkages:
Identified in addition and condensation polymers.

In condensation polymerization:

(a) polyamides are made from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine

(b) polyesters are made from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol

17
Q
  • Plastic
  • Plastics & their disposal problems
  • Environmental challenges with plastic (3)
A

Plastics: Made from polymers.

Properties of Plastics and Disposal: Non-biodegradable nature leads to long-term environmental impact.

Environmental Challenges of Plastics:
(a) Landfill disposal: Space and leachate pollution issues.
(b) Ocean accumulation: Threat to marine life and ecosystems.
(c) Burning: Releases toxic gases harmful to environment.

18
Q
  • Polymerization : Addition vs Condensation
A

Polymerization:

Addition: Monomers add without by-products.

Addition Polymerization:

Monomers add together without the release of any by-products.
No small molecules (such as water) are eliminated during the polymerization process.
Occurs via the breaking of double bonds in monomers to form single bonds in the polymer.

Condensation: By-products released during polymerization.

Condensation Polymerization:

Monomers combine with the elimination of a small molecule, typically water or another simple compound. By-products are released during polymerization.
Polymer chains grow through the reaction between functional groups in monomers.

19
Q

Describe Nylon & PET

A

nylon, a polyamide

PET, a polyester

PET can be converted back into
monomers and re-polymerised

20
Q

Proteins

A

Proteins are natural polyamides and they are formed from amino acid monomers

Chemistry (13 decks)

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