organic chemistry

Question 1

Type of bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Answer 1

covalent bonds

Question 2

Type of bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Answer 2

ionic bonds

Question 3

Type of bond that is a combination of both covalent and ionic bonding.

Answer 3

polar covalent bond

Question 4

Property that describes the ability of a substance to be drawn into a wire.

Answer 4

Ductility

Question 5

Property that describes the ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets.

Answer 5

Malleability

Question 6

Hydrocarbons consisting of only single bonds.

Answer 6

alkanes

Question 7

Hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Answer 7

alkenes

Question 8

Hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

Answer 8

Alkynes

Question 9

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.

Answer 9

alcohols

Question 10

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group directly bonded to an aromatic ring.

Answer 10

phenols

Question 11

Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.

Answer 11

ethers

Question 12

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain.

Answer 12

ketones

Question 13

Organic compounds containing a carboxyl group.

Answer 13

carboxylic acid

Question 14

Compounds derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the -OH group with another substituent.

Answer 14

Derivatives of carboxylic acids

Question 15

Organic compounds derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups.

Answer 15

amines

Question 16

Compounds derived from amines by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with acyl groups.

Answer 16

amides

Question 17

Define electronegativity and its role in molecular properties.

Answer 17

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond. It influences the polarity of bonds and the overall polarity of molecules.

Question 18

Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Answer 18

Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) contain at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond.

Question 19

Discuss the functional group present in alcohols and its impact on chemical properties.

Answer 19

Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group, which imparts characteristic properties such as the ability to undergo oxidation and esterification reactions.

Question 20

How do phenols differ from alcohols in terms of structure and reactivity?

Answer 20

Phenols contain a hydroxyl group directly bonded to an aromatic ring, leading to distinct chemical reactivity compared to aliphatic alcohols.

Question 21

Explain the role of carboxylic acids in biological systems.

Answer 21

Carboxylic acids play crucial roles in biological processes, acting as key components in fatty acids, amino acids, and metabolic pathways.

Question 22

Discuss the classification of amines based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

Answer 22

Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

Question 23

Describe the preparation of amides from carboxylic acids and amines.

Answer 23

Amides are formed through the condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine, resulting in the loss of a water molecule.

Question 24

What is a synthesis reaction, and what does it involve?

Answer 24

A synthesis reaction, also known as a combination reaction, involves the combination of two or more substances to form a single compound.

Question 25

Explain the characteristics of a single displacement reaction.

Answer 25

In a single displacement reaction, an element replaces another element in a compound, leading to the formation of a new compound and a different element.

Question 26

Provide an example of a redox reaction and explain the concept of oxidation and reduction.

Answer 26

The reaction between iron and oxygen to form rust is an example of a redox reaction. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons.

Question 27

there are three types of covalent bonds, what are they

Answer 27

non-polar: same types of atoms except for C-H polar: different types of atoms coordinate: two electrons are given off from the same atom.

Question 28

Define aromatic compounds and provide an example of a common aromatic hydrocarbon.

Answer 28

Aromatic compounds are organic compounds that contain a ring structure with alternating double bonds, such as benzene. They exhibit special stability and reactivity due to delocalized pi-electrons.

Question 29

Explain the concept of aromaticity and the criteria for a molecule to be considered aromatic.

Answer 29

Aromaticity refers to the special stability and reactivity exhibited by certain cyclic, planar compounds. The criteria for aromaticity include planarity, Huckel's rule (4n+2 pi electrons), and the absence of localized double bonds

Question 30

Discuss the substitution reactions of aromatic compounds and provide an example.

Answer 30

Aromatic compounds undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution, where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring. An example is the nitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene.

Question 31

Define a primary carbon in organic chemistry

Answer 31

A primary carbon is a carbon atom that is directly bonded to only one other carbon atom in a molecule.

Question 32

Describe the characteristics of a secondary carbon.

Answer 32

: A secondary carbon is a carbon atom that is directly bonded to two other carbon atoms in a molecule.

Question 33

Explain the properties of a tertiary carbon in organic compounds

Answer 33

A tertiary carbon is a carbon atom that is directly bonded to three other carbon atoms in a molecule.

Question 34

Define a quaternary carbon and provide an example of its occurrence.

Answer 34

A quaternary carbon is a carbon atom that is directly bonded to four other carbon atoms in a molecule, leading to a highly branched structure. An example is the carbon atom in the center of a t-butyl group.

Question 35

Describe the basic rules for naming alkanes using the IUPAC system.

Answer 35

Alkanes are named by identifying the longest continuous carbon chain, naming the substituent groups, and assigning a numerical prefix to indicate the position of substituents along the chain.

Question 36

Discuss the role of functional groups in IUPAC nomenclature and provide an example.

Answer 36

Functional groups are prioritized in naming, and their presence may modify the suffix of the compound. For example, the presence of a hydroxyl group in a compound would result in the suffix "-ol" for alcohols.

Question 37

Define geometric isomerism in the context of alkanes.

Answer 37

Geometric isomerism in alkanes arises when different spatial arrangements of substituent groups are possible due to the presence of a double bond, leading to cis-trans isomerism.

Question 38

Explain the concept of cis-trans isomerism and its relevance to alkenes.

Answer 38

Cis-trans isomerism refers to the different spatial arrangements of substituent groups around a double bond. In alkenes, the cis isomer has similar groups on the same side of the double bond, while the trans isomer has similar groups on opposite sides

Question 39

why are alkanes chemically inert?

Answer 39

Non-polar bonds Fully saturated non-polarizable functional groups

Question 40

The halogenation reactions requires what catalysts?

Answer 40

Light or energy by photons and heat energy

Question 41

where does the halogen tend to bind itself in the chain?

Answer 41

to the carbon that has the least amount of hydrogen and replaces it.

Question 42

Define hybridization in the context of organic chemistry.

Answer 42

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals, which influences the geometry and bonding properties of molecules.

Question 43

Define nucleophile in the context of organic chemistry.

Answer 43

A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond with an electron-deficient atom, often seeking positively charged or electron-deficient centers.

Question 44

Discuss the role of nucleophiles in organic reactions.

Answer 44

Nucleophiles participate in a variety of organic reactions, including nucleophilic substitution, nucleophilic addition, and nucleophilic acyl substitution, where they attack electrophilic centers to form new chemical bonds.

Question 45

Explain the factors that influence the nucleophilicity of a reagent.

Answer 45

Nucleophilicity is influenced by factors such as the availability of the electron pair, steric hindrance, and the nature of the solvent and leaving group, which affect the reactivity of the nucleophile.

Question 46

Define electrophile in the context of organic chemistry.

Answer 46

An electrophile is a chemical species that accepts a pair of electrons from a nucleophile, seeking electron-rich centers or negatively charged atoms to form a new covalent bond.

Question 47

Discuss the role of electrophiles in organic reactions.

Answer 47

Electrophiles participate in a variety of organic reactions, including electrophilic aromatic substitution, electrophilic addition to alkenes, and electrophilic acylation, where they react with nucleophiles to form new chemical bonds.

Question 48

Explain the factors that influence the reactivity of an electrophile.

Answer 48

The reactivity of an electrophile is influenced by factors such as its electronic structure, stability, and the nature of the reaction conditions, which determine its ability to accept electron pairs and form stable intermediates.

Question 49

what catalysts need to be present for oxidation to the side chain happen?

Answer 49

when compound gets added with KMnO4 in the absence of oxygen to turn CH3 to COOH

Question 50

What is hydrogenation?

Answer 50

A reaction which forces the double or triple bonds to open and become saturated compounds.

Question 51

what catalysts are needed for hydrogenation

Answer 51

Ni, Pt, Pd

Question 52

What is the Lindlar catalyst?

Answer 52

The Lindlar catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst composed of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate and treated with various forms of lead. It is used for the selective hydrogenation of alkynes to cis-alkenes.

Question 53

What does the Lindlar catalyst do to alkyne in hydrogenation.

Answer 53

The Lindlar catalyst selectively hydrogenates alkynes to cis-alkenes, while preventing further reduction to the corresponding alkanes.

Question 54

whatare the certain needs to change an alkyne to a trans-alkene?

Answer 54

.Li and Na and NH3 as catalysts .-78 degrees temp.

Question 55

explain Bromine reaction for unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 55

If the hydrocarbon is an alkene or alkyne then the redish-brownish solution would disappear

Question 56

Define a halohydrin in organic chemistry.

Answer 56

A halohydrin is a compound containing both a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group (-OH) on adjacent carbon atoms, typically formed through the addition of a halogen and a hydroxyl group to an alkene.

Question 57

Describe the process of halohydrin formation

Answer 57

Halohydrin formation involves the addition of a halogen (such as Cl2 or Br2) and a hydroxyl group (from water or an alcohol) to an alkene, resulting in the simultaneous introduction of a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group to the carbon-carbon double bond.

Question 58

Define Markovnikov's rule in organic chemistry

Answer 58

Markovnikov's rule predicts the regiochemistry of the addition of protic acids to unsymmetrical alkenes, stating that the hydrogen atom of the acid adds to the carbon atom with fewer hydrogen substituents.

Question 59

Explain the application of Markovnikov's rule in the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes.

Answer 59

When a hydrogen halide is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen atom of the acid adds to the carbon atom of the alkene with fewer alkyl substituents, while the halogen adds to the other carbon atom.

Question 60

Explain the process of the anti-markovinkov's rule

Answer 60

By adding a catalyst R-OOR and H2O2 the hydrogen will go to the carbon with the less hydrogen and the halogen

Question 61

what catalyst turns alkynes into alcohols

Answer 61

by adding SO4H the end product is alcohol along with the compound H2SO4

Question 62

Define Hückel's rule in organic chemistry.

Answer 62

Hückel's rule is a principle used to determine the aromaticity of planar, fully conjugated ring molecules based on the number of π electrons, which follows the formula 4n + 2, where n is a non-negative integer.

Question 63

Explain the significance of Hückel's rule in predicting aromaticity.

Answer 63

Hückel's rule provides a predictive tool for identifying whether a planar ring molecule will exhibit aromatic properties based on the number of π electrons, guiding the study of aromatic compounds in organic chemistry.