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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

alkene to polyalkene

A

high pressure catalyst
- polymerisation

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2
Q

alkene to dihalogenoalkane

A

Br2/Cl2
room temp
electrophilic addition

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3
Q

dihalogenoalkane to diol

A

KOH aqueous
heat under reflux
nucleophilic substitution

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4
Q

alkene to diol

A

KMnO4
oxidation

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5
Q

alkene to alkane

A

H2
Nickel Catalyst
addition/reduction

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6
Q

alkene to dihalogenoalkane

A

Br2/Cl2
UV light
free radical substitution

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7
Q

alkene to halogenoalkane

A

HBr/HCl
rook temp
electrophilic addition

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8
Q

halogenoalkane to alkene

A

KOH
alcoholic
heat under reflux
elimination

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9
Q

alkene to alcohol

A

H2O steam
concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst

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10
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A

conc H3PO4
elimination
dehydration

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11
Q

alcohol to halogenoalkane

A

PCl5, NaBr/H2SO4, P + I2
heat under reflux
substitution

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12
Q

halogenoalkane to alcohol

A

KOH aqueous
heat under reflux
nucleophilic substitution

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13
Q

alcohol to aldehyde

A

K2Cr2O7/H+
primary: heat gently and distil partial oxidation

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14
Q

alcohol to ketone

A

K2Cr2O7/H+
secondary: heat under reflux
oxidation

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15
Q

aldehyde to alcohol

A

LiAlH4
reduction

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16
Q

ketone to alcohol

A

LiAlH4
reduction

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17
Q

aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

A

HCN + KCN
nucleophilic substitution

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18
Q

ketone to hydroxynitrile

A

HCN + KCN
nucleophilic substitution

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19
Q

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A

K2Cr2O7/H+
heat under reflux
excess oxidising agent
oxidation

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20
Q

carboxylic acid to alcohol

A

LiAlH4
reduction

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21
Q

carb acid to ester

A

alcohol + H2SO4
heat
esterification

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22
Q

carb acid to acyl chloride

A

PCl5

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23
Q

acyl chloride to carb acid

A

H2O room temp

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24
Q

acyl chloride to ester

A

alcohol
room temp

25
Q

alcohol to ester

A

carb acid + H2SO4
heat
esterification

26
Q

what are esters and amides hydrolysed by

A

NaOH and acids

27
Q

acyl chloride to primary amide

A

NH3 room temp

28
Q

acyl chloride to secondary amide

A

primary amine
room temp

29
Q

halogenoalkane to amine

A

alcoholic NH3
heat under pressure
nucleophilic substitution

30
Q

halogenoalkane to nitrile

A

CN- in ethanol/water mixture
nucleophilic substitution

31
Q

nitrile to amine

A

LiAlH4
reduction

32
Q

amine to secondary amide

A

acyl chloride room temp
Nu add/elim

33
Q

amine to secondary and tertiary amine

A

halogenoalkane
NuSub

34
Q

nitrile to carb acid

A

acid hydrolysis
heat with HCl

35
Q

benzene ring to cycloalkane

A

hydrogen
nickel catalyst

36
Q

benzene to bromobenzene

A

electrophilic sub
Br2
FeBr3 catalyst

37
Q

benzene to ethylbenzene

A

chloroalkane and anhydrous AlCl3 catalyst

38
Q

benzene to nitrobenzene

A

conc nitric acid + conc sulphuric acid
electrophilic sub

39
Q

nitrobenzene to phenylamine

A

tin and HCl
reduction

40
Q

phenylamine to n-benzylmethylamine

A

CH3Cl
NuSub

41
Q

phenylamine to n-phenylethanamide

A

CH3COCl

42
Q

benzene to 1-phenylethanone

A

acyl chloride in presence of AlCl3 catalyst
electrophilic sub
HEAT UNDER REFLUX

43
Q

1-phenylethanone to 1-phenylethan-1-ol

A

LiAlH4 reduction
Nu Add

44
Q

1-phenylethan-1-ol to ester

A

relevant carboxylic acid
sulfuric acid
heat
esterification

45
Q

ketone (benzene ring) to hydroxynitrile (benzene ring)

A

NaCN + sulfuric acid
Nu Add

46
Q

hydroxynitrile (benzene ring) –> CN group changes to COOH, but keep OH

A

HCl
heat

47
Q

Preparing amines from nitriles ALIPHATIC

A
  1. convert halogenoalkane to nitrile by KCN in aq ethanol and reflux
  2. react the nitrile with LiAlH4 in dry ether to reduce to amine
48
Q

Preparing amines in one step ALIPHATIC

A

Halogenoalkane + ammonia
- will form secondary, and tertiary etc.
- to prevent react with excess ammonia.
- ammonia is dissolved in ethanol

49
Q

preparing a polyamide what are the ways + side products

A
  1. diacyl dichloride + diamine (HCl)
  2. dicarboxylic acid + diamine (H2O) NEEDS CATALYST!!
50
Q

hydrolysis of polyamides and polyesters

A

NaOH/H+
- gives the starting reactants BUT carb acid and amine groups can be in salt form and that salt depends on the conditions under which hydrolysed.

51
Q

Amino acids in neutral solution

A

NH3+
CO2-

52
Q

Hydrolysis of dipeptides

A

NaOH/H+
- gives the two amino acids BUT chains are deprotonated/protonated depending on the conditions

53
Q

Amino acids with COOH side chain + alcohol

A

Esterification forming an ester

54
Q

Amino acids with amine group + acyl chloride

A

The NH2 form secondary amides

55
Q

Amine + HCl

A

Ammonium Chloride salt

56
Q

Amine + H2SO4

A

(CH3NH3+)SO42-

57
Q

Converting from ammonium salt to amine

A

NaOH

58
Q

Sodium phenoxide two ways to make? Give side products and give the structure of sodium phenoxide.

A

Phenol + Na (1/2H2)
OR
Phenol + NaOH (H2O)

Chemistry (3 decks)

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