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Chemistry AQA Triple > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

Paper 2 - C7

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of molecules called hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Where do we find crude oil?

A

In rocks

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3
Q

Is crude oil a finite or infinite resource?

A

Finite

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4
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Crude oil is formed over millions of years from the remains of tiny sea creatures called plankton which were buried in mud.

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5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

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6
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon which have carbon atoms in chains linked by single bonds.

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7
Q

What is the general formula of an Alkane?

A

CnH₂n+₂

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8
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane (smallest)
Ethane
Propane
Butane (largest)

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9
Q

What does viscosity tell us?

A

Tells us the thickness of a fluid

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10
Q

What happens if the size of the hydrocarbons increases in terms of viscosity?

A

As the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the molecules get more viscous.

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11
Q

What does flammability tell us?

A

Tells us how easily a hydrocarbon combusts (burns)

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12
Q

What happens if the size of the hydrocarbons increases in terms of flammability?

A

As the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the molecules get less flammable.

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13
Q

What does the boiling point tell us?

A

Tells us the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas

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14
Q

What happens if the size of the hydrocarbons increases in terms of boiling points?

A

As the size of the hydrocarbon molecules increases, the boiling point also increases.

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15
Q

How can hydrocarbons be used as fuel?

A

Hydrocarbon fuels release energy when combusted. During combustion the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel react with oxygen. The carbon and hydrogen are oxidised.

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16
Q

What happens if the supply of oxygen is unlimited during combustion?

A

Water and carbon dioxide are produced

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17
Q

What process can we use to separate hydrocarbons?

A

Fractional distillation

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18
Q

Where does fractional distillation take place in?

A

Large columns

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19
Q

What are the stages of fractional distillation?

A

-Firstly, the crude oil is heated to a very high temperature. This causes the crude oil to boil.
-The crude oil vapour is now fed into the fractional distillation column and the column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top.
-The hydrocarbon vapours now rise up the column and the hydrocarbons condense when they reach their boiling point.
-The liquid fractions are then removed.
-The remaining hydrocarbons continue moving up the column and these now condense when they reach their boiling points.

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20
Q

What do fractions contain in fractional distillation?

A

In fractional distillation crude oil is separated into fraction. Fractions contain hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms.

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21
Q

Where do very long chain hydrocarbons get removed from in fractional distillation?

A

At the bottom of the column because of their high boiling points.

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22
Q

Where do very short chain hydrocarbons get removed from in fractional distillation?

A

At the top of the column because of their low boiling points and they do not condense and they get removed as gases.

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23
Q

What types of fuel are fractions used as?

A

-Petrol and diesel
-Kerosene
-Heavy fuel oil
-Liquified petroleum gas

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24
Q

What is it meant by feedstock?

A

A chemical that is used to make other chemicals.

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25
Q

What types of feedstock are fractions used as?

A

-Solvents
-Lubricants
-Detergents
-Polymers

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26
Q

What is it meant by cracking?

A

When a long-chain alkane is broken down (cracked) to produce smaller, more useful molecules.

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27
Q

What are the two ways we can carry out cracking?

A

Catalytic cracking
Steam cracking

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28
Q

What are the conditions for catalytic cracking?

A

-High temperature
-With a catalyst

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29
Q

What are the conditions for steam cracking?

A

-High temperature
-With steam

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30
Q

What is it meant by an alkene?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.

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31
Q

Why are alkenes useful?

A

-They can be used to polymers.
-They are also used as a starting material for other useful chemicals as well.
-And they are more reactive than alkanes.

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32
Q

How do we test for an alkene?

A

By using bromine water if we shake our alkene with bromine water then the bromine water will turn colourless.

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33
Q

(Triple only) What is the general formula of an alkene?

A

CnH₂n

34
Q

(Triple only) Why are alkenes unsaturated molecules?

A

Because alkenes have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.

35
Q

(Triple only) What is it meant by a functional group?

A

The part of a molecule that determines how it reacts.

36
Q

(Triple only) What is it meant by the homologous series?

A

All members of a homologous series all have the same functional group and each molecule in the group has an extra carbon atom with two extra hydrogen atoms.

37
Q

(Triple only) What happens when we combust and alkene?

A

We produce carbon dioxide and water and unburnt carbon particles as it is part of incomplete combustion which mean alkenes burn in air with a smoky flame.

38
Q

(Triple only) What are the conditions needed for hydrogenation?

A

150∘C and a nickel catalyst

39
Q

(Triple only) What happens in hydrogenation?

A

The hydrogen atoms add across the double bond and the carbon to carbon double bond is converted into a carbon to carbon single bond.

40
Q

(Triple only) What does reacting an alkene with hydrogen produce?

A

An alkane

41
Q

(Triple only) What form does the water need to be in hydration?

A

In form of steam

42
Q

(Triple only) What are the conditions for hydration?

A

300∘C and the pressure around 70 atmospheres and phosphoric acid as a catalyst

43
Q

(Triple only) What are the main uses of alcohols?

A

-Fuels
-Solvents
-Alcoholic drinks

44
Q

(Triple only) What is the alcohol functional group?

A

OH

45
Q

(Triple only) What is the structural formula of Ethanol?

A

CH₃CH₂OH

46
Q

(Triple only) What is the structural formula of Propanoal?

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

47
Q

(Triple only) What is the structural formula of Butanol?

A

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH

48
Q

(Triple only) What is an advantage of making ethanol through the hydration of ethene?

A

The reaction produces a high yield of ethanol

49
Q

(Triple only) What is an disadvantage of making ethanol through the hydration of ethene?

A

The reaction requires a high temperature in other words a lot of energy.

50
Q

(Triple only) What is another way of making ethanol besides Hydration?

A

Fermentation

51
Q

(Triple only) How can we make ethanol through Fermentation?

A

-We first start with a sugar solution such as glucose and we mix this with yeast.
-The yeast converts the sugar solution to a solution of ethanol. Carbon dioxide gas is also produced.

52
Q

(Triple only) What are the conditions for fermentation?

A

30∘C and it must take place in anaerobic conditions (without oxygen)

53
Q

(Triple only) What are the advantages of producing ethanol via fermentation?

A

-The low temperature means that the reaction does not require a lot of energy.
-The sugar for this reaction comes from plants and is therefore renewable.

54
Q

(Triple only) What is a disadvantage of producing ethanol via fermentation?

A

-The product is an aqueous solution of ethanol (ethanol dissolved in water) and we then need to purify the ethanol by distillation and that requires energy.

55
Q

(Triple only) Describe the solubility of alcohols in water.

A

-Alcohols are soluble in water and form neutral solutions.
-As the number of carbon atoms increases, the solubility decreases.

56
Q

(Triple only) What happens when alcohols react with oxidising agents?

A

They produce a carboxylic acid and water

57
Q

(Triple only) What happens when alcohols react with sodium?

A

We see bubbles of hydrogen gas being produced and the compound of sodium and an alcohol e.g. Sodium ethoxide.

58
Q

(Triple only) What is the functional group for a carboxylic acid?

A

COOH

59
Q

(Triple only) What type of acid are carboxylic acids?

A

Weak acids

60
Q

(Triple only) What happens when we react a carboxylic acid with an alcohol?

A

We make a molecule called an ester and water.

61
Q

(Triple only) Why are Esters useful?

A

Because they have a pleasant smell and because of that they are used in a lot in foods.

62
Q

(Triple only) What type of catalyst is used when we react a carboxylic acid with an alcohol?

A

Sulfuric acid catalyst.

63
Q

(Triple only) What is a polymer made by?

A

It is made by joining together thousand of small, identical molecules.

64
Q

(Triple only) What are monomers?

A

Identical molecules

65
Q

(Triple only) What are the two different types of polymers?

A

-Addition polymers
-Condensation polymers

66
Q

(Triple only) What are the monomers in addition polymers?

A

Alkenes

67
Q

(Triple only) What type of bonds are there in addition polymers?

A

The monomer has a double carbon to carbon bond but the polymer has single carbon to carbon bonds.

68
Q

(Triple only) What is the result if our monomer was ethene?

A

We would have made poly(ethene)

69
Q

(Triple only) What are the monomers in condensation polymers?

A

Two different monomers with the same functional group

70
Q

(Triple only) How many functional group do amino acid molecules have?

A

Two different functional groups

71
Q

(Triple only) What are the functional groups of amino acids?

A

Amine group - H₂N
Carboxylic acid group - COOH

72
Q

(Triple only) What is the structural formula of Glycine?

A

H₂NCH₂COOH

73
Q

(Triple only) What is it meant by polypeptide?

A

If a polymer is made from only one type of amino acid, we call it a polypeptide.

74
Q

(Triple only) How do we form a protein?

A

When we combined different amino acids into the same chain, we now call the polymer a protein.

75
Q

(Triple only) Where is DNA found?

A

In almost all living organisms including animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and viruses.

76
Q

(Triple only) What is the role of DNA?

A

DNA encodes the genetic instructions that living organisms need to develop and to function.

77
Q

(Triple only) What is the structure of DNA?

A

Two polymer chains wrap around each other to form a double helix.

78
Q

(Triple only) What is a nucleotide?

A

Two polymer chains made from monomers

79
Q

(Triple only) What are the four different nucleotide monomers?

A

G, A, T, C

80
Q

(Triple only) What are some examples of naturally occurring polymers?

A

Proteins - Polymers of amino acids
Starch - Polymer of glucose
Cellulose - Polymer of glucose

Chemistry AQA Triple (17 decks)

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