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Chemistry paper 2 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Which functional group ends in ane

A

Alkanes

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2
Q

Which functionality group ends in ene

A

Alkenes

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3
Q

What functional group ends in anol

A

Alcohols

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4
Q

Ehat functional group ends in anoic acid

A

Carboxylic acid

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5
Q

What functional group ends in amine

A

Amines

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6
Q

What functional group ends in yl ethanoate

A

Esters

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7
Q

What are most hydrocarbons found in code oil?

A

Alkanes

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8
Q

What are alkane used as

A

Raw materials and fuels

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9
Q

What is he general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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10
Q

Are alkanes saturated hydrocarbons

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon which has as many hydrogen atoms as possible

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12
Q

Are alkanes a homologous series

A

Yes so they have similar chemical properties

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13
Q

Are physical properties of alkanes affected by how many carbons are present

A

Yes

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14
Q

What affects the physical properties of alkanes

A

Their physical properties

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15
Q

Does a longer carbon chain increase the boiling point

A

Yes

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16
Q

What do more intermolecular forces in alkanes cause

A

Higher density - Higher viscosity - Higher boiling point

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17
Q

What can large hydrocarbons be broken into

A

Smaller more useful hydrocarbons

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18
Q

What is needed to crack alkanes

A

Heta to vaporised- vapour passed over a hit catalyst - mixed with steam and then heated

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19
Q

What is cracking alkanes

A

The thermal decomposition of long chain molecules

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20
Q

What are the benefits of cracking alkanes

A

Increases supply of smaller more useful alkanes - increases supply of feedstock for making plastics - it reduces waste as more fractions are used

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21
Q

Does cracking produce definite products

A

No as different combinations can be made from the same hydrocarbon

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22
Q

When long chain hydrocarbons are cracked what do they produce

A

An alkane and an alkene

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23
Q

What are the properties of alkanes

A

Saturated hydrocarbons- not all carbons are bonded with a single covalent bond - contain a C=C

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24
Q

What are the properties of alkenes

A

All have a C=C bond - unsaturated hydrocarbons

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25
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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26
Q

What does an unsaturated hydrocarbon mean

A

They don’t have the maximum amount of hydrogens

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27
Q

What si the test for unsaturation

A

Add bromine water - goes from orange to colourless - bromine displaces hydrogen in alkenes ONLY

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28
Q

What type of reaction is the test for unsaturated

A

Addition reaction

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29
Q

What type of reaction is cracking

A

Thermal decomposition

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30
Q

Define fossil fuels

A

A mixture made from fossilised plant and animal remnants from millions of years ago

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31
Q

Describe the formation of coal

A

Planta die and fall into swamps - swamps have no oxygen so they don’t decompose - get buried under sediment - heat and pressure turn them into peat and then coal

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32
Q

Describe the formation of oil and gas

A

Sea creatures and plankton die - fall to the sea bed - remains are covered in layers of sediment - no oxygen so don’t decompose as normal - buried deep underground - turn into kerogen then oil or gas

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33
Q

What is a mixture

A

Two or more elements or compounds NOT chemically joined together

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34
Q

What is crude oil

A

A mixture of thousands of different molecules made up of compounds containing mainly hydrogen and carbon

35
Q

What needs to happen to crude oil for it to be useful

A

It must be separated into different components

36
Q

What is crude oil used to make

A

Fuels for transportation - medicines - plastics and other polymers

37
Q

Is crude oil renewable

A

No

38
Q

As the size of molecules increases what happens to the boiling point

A

It increases

39
Q

When molecule size increases what happens to the viscosity

A

It increases

40
Q

As molecule size increases what happens to volatility (tenancy to turn into gas)

A

It decreases

41
Q

As molecules increases in size what happens to how easy it is to ignite

A

It decreases

42
Q

As molecules increase in size what happens to the efficiency of burning

A

It decreases

43
Q

As the size of molecules increases what happens to how sooty the flame is

A

It increases

44
Q

What is the order of oils in size of molecules increasing

A

Petrol- diesel - lubricating oil - bitumen

45
Q

Where does fractional distillation take place

A

In a fractioning column

46
Q

Describe how fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions

A

The chain length affects the properties - fractions with small chain lengths have fewer IMF of attraction - it takes less energy to spectate the molecules (turn into gas) - fractions with longer chain lengths have more IMF forces of attraction - takes more energy to separate the molecules

47
Q

What happens when a fuel reacts with oxygen

A

Combustion

48
Q

What happens with electrons when something is oxidised

A

Electrons are lost

49
Q

Why is carbon monoxide produced

A

Around 20% oxygen - nit enough for complete combustion so CO (carbon monoxide) is produced and soot .

50
Q

What does incomplete combustion produce

A

Carbon monoxide and soot through incomplete combustion

51
Q

Describe carbon monoxide

A

Colourless odourless toxic gas
Which binds to the haemoglobin in the blood and stops it from carrying oxygen

52
Q

What does soot cause

A

Contributes to smog and can exacerbate lung conditions

53
Q

What colour does blue cobalt chloride paper turn in the presence of water

A

Pink in presence of water

54
Q

What is addition polymerisation used to make

A

Plastic

55
Q

What is a plastic

A

Made from polymers and polymers are made from monomers

56
Q

Whats needed to make plastics (addition polymerisation)

A

High pressures and a catalyst

57
Q

What happens during an addition polymerisation reaction

A

The double bond opens up to form a single bond

58
Q

What is polyethene

A

Flexible - melting point of 120 degrees used for plastic bags and drink bottles

59
Q

What is polypropene

A

Tough flexible - melting point of 160 degrees used for ropes, crated and buckets

60
Q

Is a polymer a large molecule

A

Yes as lots of polymer chains together make a plastic

61
Q

What is the reaction called which makes polymers from monomers

A

Polymerisation

62
Q

What do alkanes form

A

Fuels

63
Q

What do alkenes form

A

Plastics and polymers

64
Q

What does cracking enable

A

Oil refinery to balance supply with demand and it reduces waste of longer alkane molecules

65
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A family of organic compounds with the same functionality group with similar properties reactions and a general formula

66
Q

Do Alkenes burn to form carbon dioxide and water

A

Yes

67
Q

What type of flame do alkenes burn with

A

A smokies yellow flame

68
Q

Alkenes transfer less energy so

A

They aren’t used a fuels

69
Q

Alkenes are unsaturated so how do you make them saturated

A

By adding a hydrogen molecule this required heat and a catalyst

70
Q

What is Hydrogenation

A

Addi g hydroge which increases the boiling point because of the single bond making it spreadable

71
Q

What alkene is used to make ethanol

A

Ethene

72
Q

What is ethanol used for

A

Fuel or an industrial solvent

73
Q

What are the products for ethanol

A

Ethane and steam

74
Q

Is making ethanol a reversible process

A

Yes

75
Q

Why is making ethanol reversible an advantage

A

Any unreached ethane can be recycled

76
Q

When making ethanol what is required

A

Heat, catalyst, pressure

77
Q

What are the two methods of making ethanol

A

Fermentation and hydration

78
Q

What is required for hydration

A

Heat pressure and a catalyst

79
Q

What is required for fermentation

A

Warm damp anaerobic conditions with enzymes

80
Q

How us fermentation produces (batch of continous)

A

Batch

81
Q

How is hydration produced (bath or continually)

A

Continually

82
Q

Describe the process if fermentation

A

Starch is extracted from corn and the glucose is mixed with yeast It then ferments to form Ethanol and carbon dioxide

83
Q

Describe the process of hydration

A

Crude oil is refined through fractional distillation or cracking this produces ether which is added to steam to produce ethanol - no waste products

Chemistry paper 2 (2 decks)

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