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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crude oil and where is it found

A

a finite resource round in rocks
formed from ancient biomass (mainly plankton)

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2
Q

what do most compounds in crude oil consist of

A

carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) most of which are alkanes

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3
Q

how do you separate crude oil into its compounds and why is this possible

A

fractional distillation
each compound has a different boiling point

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4
Q

explain how fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into its compounds

A
  1. the oil is put into a chamber and is heated until most of it is a liquid
  2. this is then passed into a fractionating column where it is hotter at the bottom and gets cooler
  3. the hot gasses rise until they reach a region that is cooler than its boiling point where it condenses into a liquid
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5
Q

what are short chains of hydrocarbons used for

A

used to produce fuels such as petrol and diesel

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6
Q

what are petrochemicals and what are they used for

A

the substance’s from crude oil

used as feedstock
- lubricants, polymers, solvents, detergents

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7
Q

what are homologous series

A

a group of similar compounds with similar properties

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8
Q

what is the general formular for a hydrocarbon

A

Cn Hn+2

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9
Q

what are the first four hydrocarbons (alkanes) (names)

A

methane, propane, ethane, butane

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10
Q

what are the formulars for the first four hydrocarbons (alkanes)

A

CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10

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11
Q

what is a saturated compound

A

organic compounds that have only one carbon to carbon single bond no double bonds

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12
Q

what are some properties of hydrocarbons. include boiling point, flammability etc

A
  • boiling points increase as alkane gets longer
  • the four first hydrocarbons are gasses
  • the shorter the hydrocarbon the more volatile it is (likely to evaporate)
  • the longer the more viscus
  • shorter hydrocarbons are more flammable
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13
Q

what is the main use of a hydrocarbon

A

for fuel

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14
Q

how are hydrocarbons used for fuel

A

complete combustion

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15
Q

what is the equation for complete combustion with a hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen —- co2 + water

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16
Q

what is the balanced equation for complete combustion of propane

A

C3H8 + 5O2 ——- 3CO2 + 4O2

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17
Q

what is the balanced equation for complete combustion of nonane

A

C9H20 + 14O2 —— 9CO2 + 10O2

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18
Q

what is cracking used for

A

breaking up the longer chains of hydrocarbons into smaller ones

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19
Q

what is a thermal decomposition reaction

A

breaking down molecules by heating

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20
Q

what are the two methods used for cracking

A

catalytic cracking and steam cracking

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21
Q

what is the first step of cracking for both steps

A

heating the long chain hydrocarbon and vaporise them

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22
Q

what does catalytic cracking use and what does this do

A

hot powdered aluminium oxide which the vapourised hydrocarbon will pass over splitting apart the hydrocarbon into two

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23
Q

what does steam cracking use and what does this do

A

steam which gets mixed into the vapourised hydrocarbon causing it to split into two smaller ones

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24
Q

what is the general balanced equation for the cracking of a long chain hydrocarbon

A

long chain hydrocarbon —– alkane + alkene

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25
Q

why is one product of cracking an alkene

A

each side of the equation needs to be equal with the same amount of hydrogens and carbons. after cracking, there will be the correct amount of carbon but not enough hydrogens and therefore must form a double bond becoming an alkene

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26
Q

Decane (C10H22) can be cracked into ethene ( C2H4) and one other hydrocarbon. write a balanced equation and find out the other product

A

C10H22 ——– ? + C2H4

need to be equal
10-2=8
22-4=18
? = C8H18

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27
Q

what is the general formular for an alkene

A

CnH2n

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28
Q

what are the first four alkenes

A

ethene, propene, butene, pentene

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29
Q

what are the formulars for the first four alkenes

A

C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10

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30
Q

what do all alkenes have and what does this make them (think structure)

A

at least one double bond - unsaturated

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31
Q

what are two differences of alkenes and alkanes

A

alkenes:
- are more reactive and therefore react with bromine
- they can be added together to make polymers

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32
Q

how are alkenes made into polymers

A

double bonds can break to form two more bonds

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33
Q

why can alkenes undergo addition reactions

A

they have a double bond which can open up and allow the two carbons to bond to atoms of other molecules

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34
Q

what are the three types of addition reactions with alkenes

A

hydrogen, water, halogens

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35
Q

explain what would happen in a reaction between propane and hydrogen

A

the double bond from the propane carbon atoms will break apart and the hydrogen atoms will be able to bond to the carbon. this forms the alkane propane which is now saturated

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36
Q

what is the condition needed in the reaction between propane and hydrogen

A

a catalyst

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37
Q

explain what would happen in a reaction between ethene and water

A

the double bond from ethene opens up and water molecules will split into hydrogen and O-H group and will bond. the product is then ethanol which is an alcohol

38
Q

what are the conditions needed in the reaction between ethene and water

A

a catalyst and high temperatures so that water can form a water vapour

39
Q

we have to separate the products of the reaction of ethene and water, these are ethanol, water and unreacted ethene. how do we do this

A

firstly cool it down to separate the unreacted ethene. the ethanol will stay a gas.
use fractional distillation to separate the ethanol from the water

40
Q

explain what would happen in a reaction between an alkene and a halogen

A

same as the reaction with hydrogen just without the use of a catalyst

41
Q

explain what would happen in a reaction between ethene and bromine

A

will react and produce dibromoethane which will turn colourless from the orange colour

42
Q

what is the functional group of alcohols

A

OH

43
Q

what are the first four alcohols you must know

A

methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

44
Q

what is the general formular for an alcohol

A

CnH2n+OH

45
Q

what are the main properties for the first four alcohols

A

flammable, soluble, can be oxidised to form a carboxylic acid

46
Q

what does it mean when it is stated that an alcohol is flammable

A

it can undergo complete combustion

47
Q

what is the formular for the complete combustion of an alcohol (use ethanol) and balance

A

C2H5OH + 302 ——– 2CO2 + 3H2O

48
Q

what are the uses of alcohols that have undergone complete combustion

A
  • used as fuels as they release a lot of energy
  • used as solvents in industry
49
Q

what is the functional group of a carboxylic acid

A

COOH

50
Q

what are the first four carboxylic acids

A

methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

51
Q

what are the first four carboxylic acid formulars

A

HCOOH, CH3COOH, C2H5COOH, C3H7COOH

52
Q

why are carboxylic acids referred to as weak acids

A

they don’t fully ionise and therefore don’t all release hydrogen ions

53
Q

what is the ionisation formular for a carboxylic acid (use propanoic acid)

A

C2H5COOH ——> C2H5COO- + H+
<——

54
Q

what are the products of the ionisation of propanoic acid

A

propanoate + hydrogen ion

55
Q

what is the general word formular for the reaction of a carboxylic acid with a metal oxide

A

carboxylic acid + metal oxide —- salt + water + CO2

56
Q

what is the word equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid + potassium carbonate

A

ethanoic acid + potassium carbonate —— potassium ethanoate + co2 + water

57
Q

how are carboxylic acids made

A

alcohol is oxidised using an oxidising agent agent to form a carboxylic acid

58
Q

what is the carboxylic acid of butanol

A

butanoic acid

59
Q

how are addition polymers made

A

the double bond from an alkane breaks up to form new bonds with each other forming a polymer

60
Q

write the equation for the addition polymerisation of butene ( C4H8)

A

H H H H H C2H5
\ | | | | |
C = C -C - C - H rewrite as C = C
/ | | | |
H H H H H

H C2H5 H C2H5
| | | |
n( C = C ) ——– -(- C - C -)-
| | | |
H H H H

61
Q

how do you name polymers

A

put word poly Infront of the monomer and put the monomer in brackets

62
Q

what is the functional group of an ester and where are esters found

A

COO
- in the middle of a molecule

63
Q
A
64
Q
A
65
Q
A
66
Q
A
67
Q

what are two properties of esters

A

pleasant smell and are volatile

67
Q

how are esters made (use simple general word equation)

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol

67
Q

what type of catalyst is needed for an ester to be formed

A

an acid catalyst

67
Q

what happens to the carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester

A

the carboxylic acid looses its OH group and alcohol looses it’s hydrogen from its OH group forming a water molecule

68
Q

polyesters usually use two different monomers to undergo condensation polymerisation, what are they

A

dicarboxylic acid and diol monomer

69
Q

what does dicarboxylic acid contain and draw the structure

A

contains 2 carboxylic acid group

   O      O
    \\     /
    C - C  
  /        \     HO        OH
70
Q

what do diol monomers contain and draw the structure

A

contains 2 alcohol groups
H H
| |
HO - C - C - OH
| |
H H

71
Q

how do monomers combine in the process of condensation polymerisation

A

the dicarboxylic acid will give up an OH group and the diol monomer will give up a H from its OH group. these will form to make a water molecule. the carbon from the dicarboxylic acid will then bond with the oxygen from the diol. this bond is the ester link

72
Q

in order for molecules to combine in condensation polymers what do they need

A
  • each monomer needs at least 2 functional groups
  • there needs to be 2 functional groups overall
  • a small molecule needs to be given up in the process - such as water
73
Q

why are polyesters biodegradable and why are these better than addition polymers

A
  • bacteria and other small molecules is able to break down the ester link. these are better for the environment as addition polymers are mostly plastic and cant be broken down
74
Q

what are the three main naturally occurring polymers

A

polypeptides, DNA and carbohydrates

75
Q

what are polypeptides made up of

A

lots of amino acids

76
Q

what is DNA made up of

A

nucleartides

77
Q

what are carbohydrates made up of

A

sugars

78
Q

what happens if you take lots of amino acids and put them into a long chain

A

get a polypeptide which when folded up with other polypeptides added we get proteins

79
Q

what can different proteins do (generally)

A

catalyse chemical reactions as enzymes
provide strength and structure to tissues

80
Q

what is the structure of amino acids and how can this be remembered better

A

H
\
amino group = N
/ O
H //
carboxylic group = C
\
OH
joined together with carbon bond with R group which changes depending on amino acid

remember - amino = amino group
acid = carboxylic acid

81
Q

what does having two functional groups in an amino acid allow

A

allow other amino acids to join together through condensation reactions

82
Q

what are the four types of bases in DNA

A

T, A G, C

83
Q

when combing the different bases what can be created

A

genes

84
Q

how are DNA polymers protected from damage

A

they contain two polymer chains which link together which coils to form a double helix

85
Q

what are carbohydrate polymers made up from

A

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

86
Q

what are the polymers in carbohydrates

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

87
Q

what are the monomers in carbohydrates

A

glucose, fructose

88
Q

how do we make polymers form monomers

A

combining the monomers such as the glucose in long chains to make polymers such as starch

chemistry two (5 decks)

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