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aqa a level chemistry > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Why can carbon form rings and very long chains?

A
  • a carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer shell, so it forms 4 covalent bonds
  • carbon-carbon bonds are relatively strong and non polar
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2
Q

Define empirical formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule

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3
Q

Define molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule

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4
Q

Define displayed formula

A

Shows every atom and bond in a molecule

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5
Q

Define structural formula

A

Shows arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond

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6
Q

Define skeletal formula

A

Drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom
Carbon atoms are not drawn

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7
Q

Define structural isomerism

A

Molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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8
Q

Define positional isomerism

A

Functional group attached to the main chain at a different place

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9
Q

Define functional group isomerism

A

Same atoms but a different functional group due to a different arrangement of atoms

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10
Q

Define chain isomerism

A

Hydrocarbon chain organised differently

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11
Q

Define stereoisomerism

A

Molecules have the same structural and molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

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12
Q

What is E-Z isomerism caused by?

A

The limited rotation of C=C double bonds

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13
Q

What is the process which separates the components of crude oil?

A

Fractional distillation

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14
Q

Method of crude oil separation

A
  • mixture is vapourised and fed into fractioning column
  • vapours rise, cools and condense
  • products are siphoned off for different uses
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15
Q

Short chain hydrocarbons have a ……… boiling point than long chain hydrocarbons

A

Lower

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16
Q

Thermal cracking conditions

A

1200K
7000kPa (70atm)

17
Q

Catalytic cracking conditions

A

720K
Normal pressure
Zeolite catalyst

18
Q

Alkanes undergo complete combustion to produce:

A

Carbon dioxide
Water

19
Q

Incomplete combustion of alkanes produces:

A

Carbon monoxide
Water

20
Q

What’s catalyst do catalytic converters use?

A

Rhodium catalyst

21
Q

Carbon particulates can cause:

A

Serious respiratory problems

22
Q

Sulphur impurities can be removed with what reaction?

A

Flue gas desulphurisation
Calcium oxide and gypsum are used in the process

23
Q

What are the three reactions involved in free radical substitution?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Propagation
  3. Termination
24
Q

What happens in the initiation step of a free radical substitution reaction?

A

The halogen is broken down using UV light
Ie. Cl2 -> 2Cl*

25
Q

What happens in a propagation step?

A

A hydrogen atom is replaced and the Cl* radical reformed as a catalyst

26
Q

What happens in the termination step of a free radical substitution reaction?

A

Two radicals join to end the chain reaction and form a stable product
Ie. *CH3 + *CH3 - C2H6

27
Q

Why do halogenoalkanes contain polar bonds?

A

The halogens are more electronegative than carbon atoms, and electron density is drawn towards the halogen forming ∂+ and ∂- regions

28
Q

Define a nucleophile

A

An electron pair donor

29
Q

Examples of common nucleophiles

A

CN:-
:NH3
-:OH

30
Q

What can nucleophilic substitution reactions be used to produce

A

Amines or alcohols

31
Q

The greater the Mr of the halogen in the polar bond, the …….. the bond enthalpy

A

Lower

Meaning that it can be broken down more easily, therefore rate of reaction for these halogenoalkanes is faster

32
Q

Nucleophilic substitution reactions can only occur for ……….. halogenoalkanes

A

1º (primary) and 2º (secondary)

33
Q

Elimination reactions occur when a halogenoalkanes is heated to:

A

High temperatures, under alcoholic conditions

34
Q

In elimination reactions, the nucleophile acts as a:

A

Base
And accepts a proton, removing a hydrogen atom from the molecule
This results in the elimination of the halide too, producing a carbon-carbon double bond

35
Q

Elimination reactions only occur from ………. Halogenoalkanes

A

2º and 3º

36
Q

Ozone in the atmosphere absorbs:

A

UV radiation

37
Q

What the problem with CFCs?

A

The absorb UV radiation, breaking down the carbon-hydrogen bonds to form free radicals that can catalyse oxygen depletion

aqa a level chemistry (1 decks)

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