Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Alkanes general formula

Answer 1

CnH2n+2

Question 2

Homologous series

Answer 2

Members follow a general formula and react in a similar way increase in boiling point and chain length

Question 3

What are isomers

Answer 3

Same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms whithin the molecule

Question 4

Structural isomers

Answer 4

Different structural arrangement of atoms they can be straight chains or branched chains but will ave same molecular formula

Question 5

Position isomers

Answer 5

Functional group of the molecule in a diffferent position of the carbon chain

Question 6

Syeroisomerism

Answer 6

E-z isomerism
Different spatial arrangement
Limited roatation around a double carbon bond

Question 7

E isomerism

Answer 7

Groups apart

Question 8

Z isomerism

Answer 8

Groups together on same side of double bond

Question 9

Cip priority rules

Answer 9

Group on each side of the double bond with higher ar or mr is given higher priority

Question 10

Fractional distillation of crude oil

Answer 10

1)mixture vspouirsed and fed into fractioning column
2)hit bottom cool top
3)vapour rise and condense at different points
4)longer condone at bottom
5)shorter condensed at top
6)prodcucts siphoned off for different uses

Question 11

Order of substances in fractioning column

Answer 11

1)refisru gas
2)petrol
3)naptha
4)kerosene
5)diesel
6)fuel oil
7)bituemen

Question 12

Long carbon chain

Answer 12

Viscous
High bp
Not flammable
Condense and collected at bottom of column

Question 13

Short carbon chains

Answer 13

Low bp
Flammable
Less viscous
Lower boiling point
Rise higher up collected top

Question 14

Cracking

Answer 14

Broken down into small useful molecules

Question 15

Thermal cracking

Answer 15

ProduCe high proportion of alkanes and Alkenes
1200 k temp
7000kpa pressure

Question 16

Catalytic cracking

Answer 16

Produces aromatic compounds
Lower temps normal pressure
Zeolite catalyst

Question 17

Complete combustion of alkanes

Answer 17

Relseasw lots of energy
Ch4+2o2 >co2+2h2o

Question 18

Incomplete combustion of alkanes

Answer 18

2ch4+3o2>2co +4h2o

Question 19

Catalytic converters

Answer 19

Remove carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen from alkanes combustion removed from systems
Uses a rhodium catalyst to convert harmful products into more stable products such as co2 or h2o

Question 20

Carbon particulates

Answer 20

Incomplete combustion
Small fragments uhnburnt hydrocarbons
Respiratory problems as they polite the air

Question 21

Nucelophile exsmplws

Answer 21

Cn:-
:nh3
-:oh

Question 22

Ozone depletion

Answer 22

Absorbs uv radiation
Cfcs also do this
Break down carbon-halogen bonds to form free radicals then catalyse ozone depletion

Question 23

Cfc free solvents

Answer 23

Prevent them entering atmosphere
Minimises ozone depletion and global warming

Question 24

Nuelcoplhilic substitution

Answer 24

Used to produce alcohols or amines from halogenoalkanes

Question 25

Greater mr

Answer 25

Lower bond enthalpy broken more Emily rate of reaction of halogenoalkanes is faster

Question 26

Elimination

Answer 26

When halogenoalkanes heated to high temps under alcoholic conditions
Nucleopjile acts as a base and accepts a proton
Removed hydrogen
Emilimation of halide producing carbin - carbon double bind an Alkene

Question 27

Bromine water alkene

Answer 27

Orange to colourless if double bind preeent

Question 28

Examples of electrophilew

Answer 28

Hbr
Br2
H2so4

Question 29

Conditions to form branched chains

Answer 29

High pressures and temperatures weak intermolecular forces

Question 30

Uses of polymers

Answer 30

Plastic products
Shopping bags -polyethene
Not biodegradable due to being unreactivd bonds

Question 31

PVC

Answer 31

Addition polymer waterproof properties

Question 32

Addition polymers

Answer 32

Produced from Alkenes where double bond is broken to form repeating unit