Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Hydrocarbons
Contain only Carbon and Hydrogen
Alkane Formula
Formula: CnH2n+2
Alkenes Formula
Formula: CnH2n
Alkane structural properties
No C=C, therefore saturated
Alkene structural properties
One C=C bond, therefore unsaturated.
1st member Ethene
Cyclic Alkanes
Same as straight chain alkanes but with 2 ends joined
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
e.g. Benzene
Homologous Series
Family of C compounds in which each member differs by -CH2 from the member before and the member after
Methanol CH3OH
Ethanol CH3CH2OH
Propan-1-ol CH3CH2CH2OH
Functional group
This is an atom or group of atoms joined to a hydrocarbon which determines its physical and chemical properties
8 Different Functional groups
1)Hydroxyl
2)Amino
3)Carboxyl
4)Aldehyde
5)Carbonyl
6)Ester
7)Amide
8)Haloalkanes (Chloro, Fluoro, bromo, Iodo)
Hydroxyl group formula
-OH
Belongs to Alkanols/Alcohols homologous series
Amino group
-NH2
belongs to amines homologous series
Carboxyl group
At the end of the molecule
always carbon 1!
belongs to carboxylic/alkanoic acid homologous series
Aldehyde
At the end of molecule (CHO)
Belongs to aldehyde homologous series e.g. Ethanal
Carbonyl
Functional group
Middle of the molecule
Belongs to ketones homologous series
e.g. Propanon, pentan-2-one
Ester
Functional group
Middle of the molecule
Belongs to Esters
Amide (1)
Functional group
End of the molecule
Primary Amides homologous series
Amide (2)
Middle of molecule
Secondary Amides homologous series
Haloalkanes (Homologous series)
List Functional groups and locations
Includes Chloro (Cl)
Fluoro (-F)
Bromo (-Br)
Iodo (-I)
Anywhere on molecule
How to name a molecule
1)Find and circle longest C chain
2)Name the functional groups present. Whichever one is highest on the list is the most important and becomes the family name
3)Added groups (lower on list) are placed at the start in alphabetical order
4)Double bonds are given lowest no. possible
5)Each added group must have a C of its own
6)Commas between no, dashes otherwise.
7)COOH + CHO mostly be carbon 1
8) If COOH + OH are both present, OH is demoted to 2-hydroxy
Hierarchal list for naming
1)Alkanoic acid ALWAYS C1
2)Alkanol
3)Amine
4)alkane, alkene alkyne
5)F,Cl, Br, I
3 types of alcohols
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary Alcohol
C attached to the -OH is joined to only 1 carbon, therefore linear (unbranched)
Secondary Alcohol
C Attached to the -OH is joined to 2 Carbons
Branched
Tertiary Alcohol
C attached to the -OH is joined to 3 carbon atoms
Very branched
Esters properties
Sweet tasting, smelling
Contain Ester functional group
How are Esters made
Made from the reaction of an alkanoic acid with an alkanol H2SO4 Catalyst.
When writing the equation, all states are liquid, including catalyst
What is the reaction to create an ester called
Condensation (H2O is eliminated when 2+ molecules join) or Esterification
What are the main intermolecular forcer in decreasing order of strength
Hydrogen Bonding
Dipole-Dipole
Dispersion forces
How do dispersion forces occur
are always present as due to instantaneous dipoles forming between molecules due to momentary uneven e- distribution
Viscosity
The resistance to flow
Trend for viscosity wil strength of intermolecular bonding
As strength of the intermolecular bonding increases, the viscosity increases
Trend for viscosity as branching increases
As branching increases, the molecules can tangle and viscosity increases
Trend for boiling/melting point as strength of intermolecular bonding increases
As strength of the intermolecular bonding increases, the BP/MP increases as you need more energy to break the bonds and melt or boil the molecules
Trend for boiling/melting point as branching increases
As branching increases, the molecule cannot get as close to each other, therefore intermolecular bonding strength decreases and MP/BP decreases
not the same as viscosity!
Volatility
The ability of a substance to turn into a gas
Trend of solubility in H2O as non polar chain increases in size
Solubility in H2O decreases as non polar chain increases in size
Properties of aldehydes/ketones/esters
All volatile/smelly
All can form dipole dipole bonding between molecules, which is weaker than Hydrogen bonds alkaniols/acids
All can form hydrogen bonds with H2O
Most esters insoluble in H2O (only little ones can dissolve)
