Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Hydrocarbons

Answer 1

Contain only Carbon and Hydrogen

Question 2

Alkane Formula

Answer 2

Formula: C_nH_2n+2

Question 3

Alkenes Formula

Answer 3

Formula: C_nH_2n

Question 4

Alkane structural properties

Answer 4

No C=C, therefore saturated

Question 5

Alkene structural properties

Answer 5

One C=C bond, therefore unsaturated.
1st member Ethene

Question 6

Cyclic Alkanes

Answer 6

Same as straight chain alkanes but with 2 ends joined

Question 7

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Answer 7

e.g. Benzene

Question 8

Homologous Series

Answer 8

Family of C compounds in which each member differs by -CH2 from the member before and the member after

Methanol CH₃OH
Ethanol CH₃CH₂OH
Propan-1-ol CH₃CH₂CH₂OH

Question 9

Functional group

Answer 9

This is an atom or group of atoms joined to a hydrocarbon which determines its physical and chemical properties

Question 10

8 Different Functional groups

Answer 10

1)Hydroxyl
2)Amino
3)Carboxyl
4)Aldehyde
5)Carbonyl
6)Ester
7)Amide
8)Haloalkanes (Chloro, Fluoro, bromo, Iodo)

Question 11

Hydroxyl group formula

Answer 11

-OH
Belongs to Alkanols/Alcohols homologous series

Question 12

Amino group

Answer 12

-NH₂
belongs to amines homologous series

Question 13

Carboxyl group

Answer 13

At the end of the molecule

always carbon 1!
belongs to carboxylic/alkanoic acid homologous series

Question 14

Aldehyde

Answer 14

At the end of molecule (CHO)

Belongs to aldehyde homologous series e.g. Ethanal

Question 15

Carbonyl

Functional group

Answer 15

Middle of the molecule
Belongs to ketones homologous series

e.g. Propanon, pentan-2-one

Question 16

Ester

Functional group

Answer 16

Middle of the molecule
Belongs to Esters

Question 17

Amide (1)

Functional group

Answer 17

End of the molecule
Primary Amides homologous series

Question 18

Amide (2)

Answer 18

Middle of molecule
Secondary Amides homologous series

Question 19

Haloalkanes (Homologous series)

List Functional groups and locations

Answer 19

Includes Chloro (Cl)
Fluoro (-F)
Bromo (-Br)
Iodo (-I)
Anywhere on molecule

Question 20

How to name a molecule

Answer 20

1)Find and circle longest C chain
2)Name the functional groups present. Whichever one is highest on the list is the most important and becomes the family name
3)Added groups (lower on list) are placed at the start in alphabetical order
4)Double bonds are given lowest no. possible
5)Each added group must have a C of its own
6)Commas between no, dashes otherwise.
7)COOH + CHO mostly be carbon 1
8) If COOH + OH are both present, OH is demoted to 2-hydroxy

Question 21

Hierarchal list for naming

Answer 21

1)Alkanoic acid ALWAYS C1
2)Alkanol
3)Amine
4)alkane, alkene alkyne
5)F,Cl, Br, I

Question 22

3 types of alcohols

Answer 22

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Question 23

Primary Alcohol

Answer 23

C attached to the -OH is joined to only 1 carbon, therefore linear (unbranched)

Question 24

Secondary Alcohol

Answer 24

C Attached to the -OH is joined to 2 Carbons
Branched

Question 25

Tertiary Alcohol

Answer 25

**C** attached to the **-OH** is joined to 3 carbon atoms Very branched

Question 26

Esters properties

Answer 26

Sweet tasting, smelling Contain Ester functional group

Question 27

How are Esters made

Answer 27

Made from the reaction of an alkanoic acid with an alkanol H₂SO₄ Catalyst. When writing the equation, **all** states are liquid, including catalyst

Question 28

What is the reaction to create an ester called

Answer 28

**Condensation** (H₂O is eliminated when 2⁺ molecules join) or **Esterification**

Question 29

What are the main intermolecular forcer in decreasing order of strength

Answer 29

Hydrogen Bonding Dipole-Dipole Dispersion forces

Question 30

How do dispersion forces occur

Answer 30

are always present as due to instantaneous dipoles forming between molecules due to momentary uneven e^- distribution

Question 31

Viscosity

Answer 31

The resistance to flow

Question 32

Trend for viscosity wil strength of intermolecular bonding

Answer 32

As strength of the intermolecular bonding increases, the viscosity increases

Question 33

Trend for viscosity as branching increases

Answer 33

As branching increases, the molecules can tangle and viscosity increases

Question 34

Trend for boiling/melting point as strength of intermolecular bonding increases

Answer 34

As strength of the intermolecular bonding increases, the BP/MP increases as you need more energy to break the bonds and melt or boil the molecules

Question 35

Trend for boiling/melting point as branching increases

Answer 35

As branching increases, the molecule cannot get as close to each other, therefore intermolecular bonding strength decreases and MP/BP decreases **not the same as viscosity!**

Question 36

Volatility

Answer 36

The ability of a substance to turn into a gas

Question 37

Trend of solubility in H₂O as non polar chain increases in size

Answer 37

Solubility in H₂O decreases as non polar chain increases in size

Question 38

Properties of aldehydes/ketones/esters

Answer 38

All volatile/smelly All can form dipole dipole bonding between molecules, which is weaker than Hydrogen bonds alkaniols/acids All can form hydrogen bonds with H₂O Most esters insoluble in H₂O (only little ones can dissolve)