Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Alkanes
Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are held together by single bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n+2 for molecules that do not contain ring structures. No functional groups ex. ethane
Alkenes
General formula: CnH2n. These compounds have pie bonds and contain double bonds. The compound will end with the compound “ene”. Ex. 2-butene. 2 double bonds = diene 3 double bonds = triene.
Alkynes
Generic formula CnH2n-2. Contains a triple bond. and in “yne”
Alkyl halides (haloalkanes)
Substitutes: F fluoro, Br bromo cl chloro I iodo. Ex. CHCL3 chloroform, CCl4 carbon tetrachloride, CH3CHBr2 1,1-dibromoethane, 1,4-dichloro-3-methylpentane, 4-iodo-2,2-dimethylpentane
Ethers
Derived from water in which both hydrogens are replaced by organic substituents. CH3O- methoxy, CH3CH2O-ethoxyCH3OCH3 dimethyl ether.
Alcohols
Derivatives of water where one hydrogen is replaced by an organic substituent. Methanol (CH3OH). 1. Start naming the alcohol where the OH is. 2 ending is anol “alkanol”.
Amines
Derived from ammonia (NH3) in which one, two, or three hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an organic group or all different and they can be alkyl (R) or aromatic (Ar), benzene rings. The ending is alkane -> anamine. Uses the prefix “amino” 2-aminopropanoic acid. For amines, if the substituent is attached to the “N” it is used to indicate the location. N-N-dimethylethanamine.
Aldehydes
Contain a corbonyl group -c=O. EX formaldehyde (CH2O). End in anal. alkane -> alkanal. Number the carbon chain containing the carbonyl carbon starting at the carbonyl carbon
Ketones
Contain the carbonyl group -C=O. Most common ketone (acetone). Group ending in anyone, alkane -> alkanone. Carbon chain is numbered from the end nearest the carbonyl group.
Cycloalkanes
Same as alkanes but no number is needed for the position of where the shape is. The cyclic structure can be treated as a functional group, with the prefix of “cycloalkyl” ex. cyclopropyl”.
Aromatic
Hexagon, benzene. 2 substitutes on the ring, number them so they are the lowest possible numbers. 2 substitutes on the ring are labeled as ortho (o), meta (m), and para (p). EX. P-dichlorobenzene. If a benzene ring is a functional group, it takes the prefix “phenyl”. Ex. o-chlorophenol.
Carboxylic acids
The carboxylic acids and derivatives contain the acyl group, which cannot be H or carbon. The group ending is alkane -> alkanoic
Geometric (cis-trans) isomers
When carbon atoms are attached by a single sigma bond or if there is a free rotation of the groups around this sigma bond.
Chiral
optically active compounds that have the ability to interact (rotate on plane) with the plane polarized light.
London Dispersion Forces
- small differences in electronegativity
- Very small dipoles
- essentially non-polar bonds
- Just C and H present
Dipole-dipole
- larger difference in electronegativity causes the bonds to be more polar
Hydrogen Bonding
- very large difference in electronegativity which is achieved by having a hydrogen attached to something other than carbon
- two unshared electrons must be attached to the “heteroatom”
- very strong intermolecular forces
electrophilic
- a positive species (often H+) that wants to go to a site that has available electrons and wants to accept an electron pair. The site is often a pie bond
Nucleophilic agents
- a negative species such as -OH, Br-, CN- or a neutral species whoch has a free pair of electrons (lewis base)
Free radicals
a neutral species such as cl or H-O
Reaction Intermediates
3º H > 2º H > 1º H
Hydrocarbons
Split into two types. aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic compounds are organic molecules that do not contain any carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. They can be linear, branched, or cyclic compounds. Aromatic compounds are cyclic molecules that contain alternating single and double bonds.
