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Organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Carbon electron arrangement:

A

2,4

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2
Q

Because Carbon has four valence electrons….

A

carbon atom will covalently bond to 4 other carbon atoms.

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3
Q

Define the term hydrocarbon.

A

The simplest organic compounds that contain only hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms.

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4
Q

Structural formula:

A

shows how atoms are joined together

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5
Q

Condensed structural formula:

A

is used to represent organic compounds especially for larger molecules.

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6
Q

Molecular formula:

A

gives information about the type and number of atoms present in a substance.

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7
Q

Define the term homologous series

A

Is a family of organic compounds that can be represented by a general formula in which each successive member of the series differs by a -CH2- unit. Often have similar chemical properties.

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8
Q

Define the term functional group

A

Atoms or groups of atoms which influence the chemical behaviour of a compound.

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9
Q

Define the term ‘ saturated hydrocarbon’

A

Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.

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10
Q

Alkane general formula:

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

Constitutional/structural isomers

A

have the same molecular formula but their atoms are connected differently.

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12
Q

Describe and explain the common physical properties of alkanes such as physical state, solubility, and trends in melting point and boiling point.

(1. Colour
2. solubility
3. Conductivity
4. melting/boiling points)

A
  • Colourless compounds
    Are non-polar and hence are insoluble in water
  • Have densities less than water so they float on water
  • Do not conduct head or electricity because they do not contain ions or electrons which are free to move.
  • Show increased melting and boiling points as the length of the carbon chain increases.
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13
Q

Know the substitution reactions of alkanes with halogens

A
  • Loss of hydrogen atom - involves breaking a C-H bond
  • Replacement of the lost hydrogen with a halogen atom
  • The presence of a catalyst - usually UV light.
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14
Q

Alkene general formula:

A

CnH2n

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15
Q

Define the term geometrical isomers

A

when the atoms in the molecule have the same order of connectivity but different arrangement in space.

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16
Q

Cis isomers

A

the same groups are on the same side of the double bond.

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17
Q

Trans isomers

A

the same groups are on opposite sides of the double bond

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18
Q

Explain the reasons for existence of cis-trans isomers in alkenes

A

Geometric isomerism exists because free rotation around the carbon-carbon double bond cannot occur, fixing the position in space of the groups attached to the carbon atoms of the double bond.

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19
Q

Describe and explain the common physical properties of alkenes such as physical state, solubility, conductivity and trends in melting point and boiling point.

  1. Solubility
  2. melting point
  3. Density
  4. State
A
  • insoluble in water
  • Show increase in melting point as chain length (molar mass) increases
  • Less dense than water
  • At room temperature, ethene, propene, and butene are gases. Alkenes of higher molar mass are liquids.
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20
Q

addition reactions of alkenes with Halogenation (Cl2, Br2) reaction

A

is an addition reaction where a halogen molecule (two halogen atoms), usually chlorine or bromine, add across the double bond.

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21
Q

Know the addition reactions of alkenes with (H2)

A

is an addition reaction where a hydrogen atom (two hydrogen atoms) add across the double bond of an alkene to form an alkane molecule. A catalyst, usually nickel at 150°C or platinum at room temperature

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22
Q

Know the addition reactions of alkenes with Hydration (H2O)

A

Hydration is an addition reaction in which an alkene reacts with steam, water, to from an alcohol. In this reaction double bond is broken. One carbon of the double bond accepts a hydrogen, and the other accepts OH.

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23
Q

Know and explain Markovnikov’s rule for addition reactions.

A

In asymmetrical alkenes, the carbon of the double bond that has more hydrogen atoms receives the hydrogen forming the major product.

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24
Q

Major product -

A

formed in large quantities

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25
Q

Minor product -

A

formed in small quantities

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26
Q

Define the term unsaturated.

A

a molecule that contains double or triple carbon bonds.

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27
Q

Test for alkene/ alkane using Br2

A

Bromine is used to test for unsaturation, since bromine loses its brown colour when it reacts with alkenes. Alkenes react readily react without catalyst, whereas alkanes require sunlight and react slowly.

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28
Q

Test for alkene/ alkane using MnO4⁻

A

When the reaction is carried out in acidic conditions, purple-coloured permanganate decolourises to form Mn2+ ions when in prescence of alkene. In the acidic conditions, further oxidation of the diol occurs.

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29
Q

Substitution

A

An atom is replaced by another atom/group of atoms.

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30
Q

Addition

A

One bond of the carbon double bond breaks and an atom/ group of atoms adds to each of the adjacent carbon atoms. The organic product is saturated.

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31
Q

Polymer

A

large molecules made of many small repeating units known as monomers.

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32
Q

Monomer

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers.

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33
Q

Explain how addition polymers are formed from alkenes

A

Alkenes form addition polymers in a polymerisation reaction. Carbon-carbon double bond is broken, to form polymers.

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34
Q

Alkyne general formula:

A

CnH2n-2

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35
Q

What is the solubility of alkynes

A

Alkynes are insoluble in water.

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36
Q

What is the density of alkynes

A

Less dense than water

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37
Q

What is the boiling point of alkynes

A

Boiling point of alkynes increase with higher molar mass as the intermolecular forces increase. Hence more energy is needed to overcome these forces of attraction.

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38
Q

Primary haloalkane

A

The carbon atom to which the halogen is attached is further attached to one carbon atom.

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39
Q

Secondary haloalkane

A

The carbon atom to which the halogen is attached to is further attached to two other carbon atoms.

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40
Q

Tertiary haloalkane

A

The carbon atom to which the halogen is attached is further attached to three other carbon atoms.

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41
Q

Describe and explain the common physical properties of haloalkanes such as physical state, solubility and trends in melting point and boiling point.

  1. Colour/odour
  2. Solubility
  3. Boiling point in relation to alkanes
  4. Boiling point in relation to size
A
  • Colourless odourless compounds.
  • Hydrophobic in nature.
  • Haloalkanes have higher boiling point than alkanes, if the number of carbon atoms is the same.
  • The boiling point of haloalkanes increases with the increasing number of halogens in haloalkanes.
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42
Q

Know the reaction of haloalkanes with ammonia.

A

Haloalkanes undergo substitution reaction with ammonia. The halogen is removed and replaced by NH2 to form amines.

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43
Q

Know the reaction of haloalkanes with aqueous potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.

A

Haloalkane undergoes substitution reaction where halogen is replaced by OH, to produce an alcohol.

44
Q

Know and explain the elimination reaction of haloalkanes with alcoholic potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide

A

Haloalkane undergo elimination with alcoholic potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide which involves the removal of the halogen atom and an adjacent carbon atom. Forming a double bond - alkene.

45
Q

Major product is formed when the Carbon with the least number…

A

of hydrogen atoms has a hydrogen atom removed.

46
Q

Minor product is formed when Carbon atom with the most….

A

number of hydrogen atoms has a hydrogen atom removed.

47
Q

Know and explain Saytzeff’s rule for elimination reactions

A

The carbon atom with fewer hydrogen atoms loses a hydrogen atom to form the major product. “Poor gets poorer”

48
Q

Primary alcohols

A

the carbon atom carrying the OH group is bonded to one other carbon atom or no other carbon atom.

49
Q

Secondary alcohols

A

Carbon atom carrying the OH group is bonded to 2 other carbon atoms

50
Q

Tertiary alcohols

A

Carbon atom carrying the OH group is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms.

51
Q

Solubility of alcohols (over view)

A

Small carbon atoms are very soluble in water. The presence of - OH group makes these molecules polar and allows hydrogen bonding with water molecules.

52
Q

Solubility of alcohols…specific alcohols

A
  • Methanol, ethanol, propanol - very soluble
  • Butanol - soluble
  • Pentanol, hexanol - slightly soluble
  • Alcohols more than 6 carbon atoms is insoluble
53
Q

Alcohol melting point

A

are much higher than those of corresponding alkanes, because hydrogen bonds can form between alcohol molecules. These hydrogen bonds are stronger than the intermolecular forces between alkane molecules.

54
Q

Alcohol boiling point

A

boiling point of alcohols increase with the increasing size of the molecules. This is because as the number of electrons in a molecule increases, the intermolecular forces become stronger.

55
Q

Know the oxidation reactions of alcohols with oxidising agents (MnO4-/H+, Cr2O7-/H+). Using Ethanol

A

CH3CH2OH → (MnO4-/H+, Cr2O7-/H+) CH3COOH

56
Q

Know and explain the elimination reaction that occurs when alcohols react with conc. H2SO4.

A

Removing a water molecule from an alcohol produces an alkene molecule. The -OH group and a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom adjacent to the carbon atom bonded to -OH is removed.
CH3CH2OH → (conc.H2SO4.) CH2 = CH2 + H2O

57
Q

Know and explain Saytzeff’s rule for elimination reactions.

A

The carbon atom with fewer hydrogen atoms loses a hydrogen atom to form the major product. “Poor gets poorer”

58
Q

Know the substitution reaction of alcohol with hydrogen halides, PCI3, PCI5, SOCl2. generalisation.

A

The -OH group of an alcohol molecule can be replaced by a halogen atom to form a haloalkane molecule.

59
Q

What is the carboxylic acid with one carbon atom

A

methanoic acid

60
Q

What is the carboxylic acid with two carbon atoms

A

ethanoic acid

61
Q

What is the carboxylic acid with three carbon atoms

A

propanoic acid

62
Q

What is the state of carboxylic acids

A

colourless liquids or white solids at room temperature

63
Q

What is the smell of carboxylic acids

A

low molar mass carboxylic acids have unpleasant odours.

64
Q

What is the melting point of carboxylic acids

A

carboxylic acids have higher melting and boiling points than alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alcohols, as carboxylic acids can form hydrogen bonds with each other.

65
Q

What is the solubility of carboxylic acids in water.

A

carboxylic acids with low molar mass like methanoic and ethanoic acid are soluble in water as it can form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules. Solubility decreases as non-polar carbon chain increases.

66
Q

Identify carboxylic acids using their acidic properties

  1. Litmus paper
  2. Electricity conductivity
  3. reaction with metal
  4. React with bases
  5. React with carbonates and hydrogenate carbonates
A
  • Turn blue litmus paper red
  • Conduct electricity - because sufficient number of ions are present and free to move
  • React slowly with metals such as magnesium to form hydrogen gas
  • React with bases such as sodium hydroxide solution in a neutralisation reaction, forming water.
  • React with carbonates and hydrogenate carbonates to form water and carbon dioxide gas.
67
Q

Amines general formula:

A

CnH2n+1NH2

68
Q

Identify amines:

A

Amines are weak bases. They change moist red litmus paper blue.

69
Q

Boiling points of amines

A

Amines have a higher boiling point than alkanes. This is due to the fact that amines can form hydrogen bonds with other amine molecules. More energy is needed to overcome the strong hydrogen bonds hence higher boiling points.

70
Q

Solubility of amines

A

Low molecular amines are soluble in water as it can form hydrogen bonds with water molecule.

71
Q

Amines are weak bases as they…

A

accept a proton from water. Bases (in this case -organic) are proton acceptors.

72
Q

CH3CH2NH2 + HCl →

A

CH3CH2NH2ᐩCl⁻

73
Q

CH3CH2NH2 + CH3COOH →

A

CH3CH2NH3ᐩCH3COO⁻

74
Q

Alkane to Haloalkane
Reagent: ?
Condition: ?
Type of reaction:

A

Reagent: Br2 or Cl2
Condition: UV light and/or heat to occur
Type of reaction: substitution

75
Q

Complete the alkane to haloalkane reaction:
CH3CH3 + Br2 →

A

CH3CH2Br + HBr

76
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol
Reagent: ?
Condition: ?
Type of reaction: ?

A

Reagent: KOH (aq)
Condition: Aqueous (water)
Type of reaction: Substitution

77
Q

Complete the haloalkane to alcohol reaction

CH3CH2Br + KOH(aq) →

78
Q

Haloalkane to Amine
Reagent: ??
Condition: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Haloalkane to Amine
Reagent: Conc. NH3 (alc.)
Condition: Concentrated and alcoholic.
Reaction type: substitution

79
Q

Complete the haloalkane to amine reaction
CH3CH2Br + Conc. NH3(alc)→

80
Q

Alkene to Alkane
Reagent: ??
Condition: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Alkene to Alkane
Reagent: H2
Condition: Ni catalyst
Reaction type: Addition

81
Q

Complete the alkene to alkane reaction:
CH2=CH2 + H2/Ni →

82
Q

Alkene to Haloalkane
Reagent: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Alkene to Haloalkane
Reagent: Br2 or Cl2
Reaction type: addition

83
Q

Complete the alkene to alkane reaction:
CH2=CH2 + Br2 →

A

CH2BrCH2Br

84
Q

Alkene to Alcohol
Reagent: ??
Condition: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Alkene to Alcohol
Reagent: H2O/ Hᐩ heat
Condition: acid and heat
Reaction type: addition

85
Q

Complete the Alkene to Alcohol reaction:
CH2=CH2 + H2O/H+, heat →

86
Q

Alcohol to Alkene
Reagent: Conc. ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Alcohol to Alkene
Reagent: Conc. H2SO3
Reaction type: elimination

87
Q

Complete the Alcohol to alkene reaction
CH3CH2OH + Conc. H2SO4→

88
Q

Haloalkane to Alkene
Reagent: ??
Condition: ??
Type of reaction: ??

A

Haloalkane to Alkene
Reagent: KOH(alc), heat
Condition: alcoholic and heat
Type of reaction: elimination

89
Q

Complete the haloalkane to alkene reaction

CH3CH2Cl + KOH(alc), heat→

90
Q

Alkene to Diol
Reagent: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Alkene to Diol
Reagent: MnO4⁻ …. The MnO4⁻ has purple colour MnO4⁻ is reduced to brown MnO2(s)
Reaction type: Oxidation

91
Q

Complete the alkene to diol reaction:
CH2=CH2 + MnO4-→

A

CH2OHCH2OH

92
Q

(Primary) Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid
Reagent: ?? (two)
Condition: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

(Primary) Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid
Reagent: With MnO4-/H+, heat (colour change - purple MnO4-(aq) to colourless Mn2+(aq))
OR
With Cr2O72-/H+, heat (colour change - orange Cr2O72-(aq) to green Cr3+(aq))
Condition: heat/warm
Reaction type: Oxidation

93
Q

Complete the Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid reaction:
C2H5OH + MnO4- / H+→

94
Q

Carboxylic acids with water
Reagent: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Carboxylic acids with water
Reagent: H2O
Reaction type: oxidation

95
Q

Complete the carboxylic acids with water reaction
CH3COOH + H2O ⇌

A

CH3COO- + H3O+

96
Q

Carboxylic acids with reactive metal
Reagent: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Carboxylic acids with reactive metal
Reagent: Mg (a reactive metal)
Reaction type: oxidation

97
Q

Complete the carboxylic acids with reactive metal:
2CH3COOH + Mg→

A

(CH3COO)2Mg + H2

98
Q

Carboxylic acids with NaOH
Reagent: ??
Reaction type : ??

A

Carboxylic acids with NaOH
Reagent: NaOH
Reaction type : neutralisation

99
Q

Complete the carboxylic acid with NaOH reaction:
CH3COOH + NaOH →

A

CH3COONa + H2O

100
Q

Carboxylic acids with NaHCO3, CaCO3
Reagent: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Carboxylic acids with NaHCO3, CaCO3
Reagent: NaHCO3 , CaCO3
Reaction type: neutralisation

101
Q

Complete the Carboxylic acids with NaHCO3, CaCO3 reaction:

CH3COOH + NaHCO3→

A

CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

102
Q

Amines with water
Reagent: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Amines with water
Reagent: H2O
Reaction type: neutralisation

103
Q

Complete the Amines with water:
CH3CH2NH2 + H2O ⇌

A

CH3CH2NH3+ + OH-

104
Q

Amines and HCl
Reagent: ??
Reaction type: ??

A

Amines and HCl
Reagent: HCl(aq)
Reaction type: neutralisation

105
Q

Complete the Amines and HCl
CH3CH2NH2 + HCl→

A

CH2CH2NH3+Cl-

Chemistry (3 decks)

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