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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

What is the emperical formula

A

The formula showing the simplest ratio between atoms in a molecule

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3
Q

What is the molecular formula

A

The formula showing the actual number of atoms in a molecule

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4
Q

What is the structural formula

A

Describes which atoms are bonded to which, and where about they are

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5
Q

What is the structural formula

A

Describes which atoms are bonded to which, and where about they are

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6
Q

Graphical or displayed formula

A

A visual representation of a molecule

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7
Q

General formula

A

Shows the ratio of atoms in a family of compounds

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8
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A group of organic compounds with similar chemical properties and structural features

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9
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon where all the carbon atoms have single bonds

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10
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon where the carbon atoms have multiple bonds (double or triple)

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11
Q

What is an isomer

A

A molecule with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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12
Q

What is a fuel

A

A substance which releases energy in an exothermic reaction (combustion)

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13
Q

What is the product of a complete combustion reaction of a hydrocarbon

A

Carbon dioxide + Water

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14
Q

What is the product of an incomplete combustion reaction of a hydrocarbon

A

Carbon monoxide + Water

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15
Q

Difference between a complete and incomplete combustion reaction

A
  • Complete takes place when there is sufficient oxygen
  • Incomplete takes place when there is insufficient oxygen
  • Products are different
    …Products of complete is CO2 and H20
    …Products of incomplete is CO and H20
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16
Q

Give examples of fossil fuels

A
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Natural gases
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17
Q

What are the negative impacts of burning fossil fuels

A
  • Gives off pollution
  • Contributes to global warming
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18
Q

What are the 3 types of reactions

A
  • Substitution
  • Addition
  • Combustion
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19
Q

What is a substitution reaction

A

When 1 functional group is replaced by another

20
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

When the reactants join to form a larger molecule with no other product

21
Q

What is a combustion reaction

A

A burning reaction. An organic substance reacts with Oxygen to form CO2 (or CO for incomplete combustion reactions) and H2O

22
Q

What happens when an alkane reacts with bromine

A

Alkane + bromine –> bromoalkane + hydrogen bromide

Methane + bromine –> bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

23
Q

What happens when an alkene reacts with bromine

A

Alkene + bromine –> Dibromomalkane

Ethene + bromine –> Dibromoethane

24
Q

How can you test for an alkene

A

Use bromine water. Alkene + bromine (orange) –> dibromoalkene (colourless)

25
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Fractional distillation is a method of separating crude oil into different hydrocarbon fractions

26
Q

Give each step of fractional distillation

A
  1. Crude oil is heated at 350deg at the bottom of the fractioning column
  2. The vapour will rise
  3. The large hydrocarbons with very high boiling points will condense into a liquid and will be tapped off at the bottom of the fractioning column
  4. As the vapour rises, each hydrocarbon fraction will condense at its boiling point
  5. The small hydrocarbons with very low boiling points will be collected at the top of the fractioning column as gases
27
Q

What are the fractions called from bottom to top and what are their uses

A
  1. Bitchumen - Used for roofs and roads
  2. Fuel oil - Fuel for ships, power stations
  3. Diesel - Fuel for cars, lorries and buses
  4. Kerosene - Fuel for aircrafts
  5. Gasoline - Fuel for cars
  6. Refinery gases - Bottled gas. In liquid form used for domestic heating and cooking
28
Q

What happens to viscosity as hydrocarbons get larger

A

The larger the hydrocarbon, the more viscous it is

29
Q

When happens to colour as hydrocarbons get larger

A

The larger the hydrocarbon, the darker it is

30
Q

What happens to volatility as hydrocarbons get larger

A

The larger the hydrocarbon, the less volatile it is (volatility is tendency to vapourise)

31
Q

What happens to mpt/bpt as hydrocarbons get larger

A

The larger the hydrocarbon, the higher their mpt/bpt as there are more bonds to break

32
Q

What happens to flammability as hydrocarbons get larger

A

The larger the hydrocarbon, the less flammable it is. More intermolecular forces to break so less volatile, higher bpt and less flammable

33
Q

Why is carbon monoxide poisonous and how is it dangerous

A

Carbon monoxide binds well with the haemoglobin and therefore the haemoglobin cannot bind with the oxygen and carbon dioxide

Carbon monoxide is an odourless, colourless gas which can cause dizziness, loss of consciousness and death

34
Q

What is cracking

A

Cracking is the breaking down of larger, less useful alkanes into smaller, more useful ones

35
Q

What happens when cracking large alkanes

A

A smaller alkane is formed, as well as an alkene

36
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane

A

CnH2n+2

37
Q

What is the general formula of an alkene

A

CnH2n

38
Q

Other than CO2 and CO, what other pollutants may be given off when burning fuels

A
  • Sulfur dioxide
  • Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
39
Q

When is sulfur dioxide given off as a pollutant

A

Some fuels like coal contain sulfur
When they are burnt, this sulfur reacts with the oxygen to form sulfur dioxide

40
Q

When are oxides of nitrogen given off as pollutants

A

In car engines, nitrogen reacts with oxygen in the air at high temperatures and pressure forming oxides of nitrogen

41
Q

What are the dangers of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide

A
  • Acid rain
  • Breathing problem for people with asthma
42
Q

What are the dangers of acid rain

A
  • Changes pH of soil
  • Can corrode buildings made of limestone
  • Damage trees
43
Q

What type of gas is CO2

A

A greenhouse gas

44
Q

How can CO2 contribute to global warming

A
  1. The Sun’s energy enters the atmosphere and heats up the Earth’s surface
  2. Some of this heat is absorbed by earths surface and some is radiated back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation
  3. CO2 absorbs some of this heat and re-radiates it to the Earth’s surface, trapping the heat and warming the planet
45
Q

What is the test for CO2

A

Limewater

Chemistry (4 decks)

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