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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what atom must organic molecules have

A

carbon

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2
Q

organic molecules can be ______ chain molecules or _________ chain molecules

A

straight, branched

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3
Q

Compounds in a homologous series have 4 things in common:

A

functional group, chemical properties, general formula, trends in physical properties

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4
Q

What homologous series has no functional group?

A

alkanes

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5
Q

which homologous series contains a carbon carbon double bond ?

A

alkenes

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6
Q

how many covalent bonds are in each C atom

A

4

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7
Q

Crude oil contain molecules called ___________

A

hydrocarbons

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8
Q

F_________ __________ is used to seperate different hydrocarbons

A

fractional distillation

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9
Q

what factor is used in fractional distillation for the separation of crude oil molecules?

A

boiling point

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10
Q

Fractional distillation – gases are used for …

A

liquefied petroleum gas

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11
Q

Fractional distillation – naphta is used for …

A

chemicals

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12
Q

Fractional distillation – gasoline is used for…

A

petrol for vehicles

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13
Q

Fractional distillation – kerosine is used for…

A

jet fuel, parrafin, lighting, heating

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14
Q

Fractional distillation – diesel oils are used for…

A

diesel fuels for trains

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15
Q

Fractional distillation – lubricating oil is used for…

A

lubricating oils, waxes, polish

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16
Q

Fractional distillation – fuel oil is used for…

A

fuels for ships factories and central heating

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17
Q

bitumen is used for …

A

roads and roofing

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18
Q

crude oil is heated to how many degrees before entering the fractionating column?

A

350 - 400

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19
Q

are gases usually small or big molecules?

A

small

20
Q

is the boiling point of larger molecules higher or lower

A

higher

21
Q

meaning of volatility

A

how easy it vaporises

22
Q

viscosity meaning

A

how thick it is

23
Q

are smaller molecules easy or harder to ignite

A

easier

24
Q

3 types of fossil fuels

A

coal, crude oil, natural gas

25
Q

formation of fossil fuels in 9 steps

A

1) plants and animals die
2) squashed and heated by sediment
3) decompose without oxygen
4) covered for millions of years
5) oil and gas molecules produces
6) covered with sand and silt called sediment
7) crude oil formed as a mixture of hydrocarbons
8) drill into rock to release pressure
9) crude oil and natural gas ride to surface

26
Q

4 examples of alkanes

A

methane, ethane, propane, butane

27
Q

are alkanes saturated or unsaturated and why

A

saturated, they only have single bonds

28
Q

general formula of alkane

A

CnH2n+2

29
Q

what test is used to test if a substance is saturated or unsaturated

A

bromine test

30
Q

what homologous group gives a positive result in a bromine test

A

alkenes

31
Q

what happens to alkenes in bromine tests

A

goes colourless

32
Q

4 steps of a bromine test

A
  • add one pipette of bromine water in test tube
  • add 3-4 drops of substance
  • put a bung on the tube and shake
  • observe color
33
Q

what reaction happens between alkene and bromine

A

addition reaction

34
Q

meaning of cracking

A

decomposes large saturated molecules into smaller molecules and also produce unsaturated molecules

35
Q

_______ and _________ are used to decompose large paraffin molecules

A

heat, catalyst

36
Q

why do we use cracking

A

large hydrocarbon molecules like paraffins are in less demand than other hydrocarbons like gasoline

37
Q

blue ____ _______ ____ is used to test for the presence of water, it turns from ___ to _____

A

cobalt chloride paper, blue, pink

38
Q

what gas is needed for combustion

A

oxygen

39
Q

what are the products of combustion

A

water, CO2

40
Q

what happens when there is not enough oxygen in combustion

A

incomplete combustion

41
Q

products of incomplete combustion

A

corbon monoxide, carbon (soot), water

42
Q

dangers of carbon monoxide

A

combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells in place of oxygen – decrease the amount of oxygen red blood cells can carry

43
Q

one example of cracking

A

heptane heated with catalyst to produce pentane and ethene

44
Q

general formula of alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

45
Q

ethanol is most commonly used as … x3

A

fuel, disinfectant, solvent

46
Q

alcohol burns in air to produce ________ and ________ __________ in complete _________

A

water, carbon dioxide, combustion

47
Q

materials for fermentation

A

apples, yeast, glucose, water

Chemistry (6 decks)

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