Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(63 cards)

1
Q

saturated definition

A

contain only single bonds

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2
Q

unsaturated definition

A

contain double or triple bonds

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3
Q

aliphatics definition

A

compounds which do not contain a benzene ring, may be saturated or unsaturated “straight chain”

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4
Q

arenes definition

A

compounds which contain a benzene ring, all unsaturated “have a ring”

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5
Q

electrophile definition

A

electron-deficient species which is attracted to parts of molecules which are electron-rich “positively charged”

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6
Q

nucleophile definition

A

electron-rich species which is attracted to parts of molecules which are electron-deficient “negatively charged”

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7
Q

homolytic fission

A

covalent bond breaks by splitting the pair electron between the two products, ie. produces two free radicals

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8
Q

heterolytic fission

A

covalent bond breaks with the pair electron going to one product, ie. produced two oppositely charged ions

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9
Q

how to depict the motion of one electron

A

fish hook arrow/single-barbed arrow

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10
Q

how to how to depict the motion of a pair of electrons

A

a ‘normal’ double-barbed arrow

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11
Q

what is the homologous series

A

a series of compounds that have the same general formula

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12
Q

describe the trend in the boiling point in the homologous series

A

as the length of the carbon chain increases, the amount of intermolecular forces increases, and the boiling point increases

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13
Q

order these with increasing boiling points:
side chain, long chain, short chain

A

short chain/side chain, long chain

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14
Q

what are functional groups

A

the reactive parts of molecules

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15
Q

what are structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

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16
Q

describe benzene in terms of stability and saturation

A

Benzene is an aromatic, unsaturated hydrocarbon

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17
Q

what is the empirical formula telling you

A

the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in a compound

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18
Q

what is the molecular formula telling you

A

the actual number of atoms of the different elements in one molecule of the compound

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19
Q

what is the structural formula telling you

A

how all the atoms are bonded in a molecule

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20
Q

cis definition

A

the atoms of the same kind are on the same side of the double bond eg. methyl groups are on the same side

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21
Q

trans definition

A

the atoms of the same kind are on opposite sides of the double bond eg. methyl groups are on opposite sides

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22
Q

why can geometric isomers exist?

A

because there is no rotation about the double bond

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23
Q

what are aromatics

A

arenas that are a class of compounds derived from benzene

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24
Q

what are aliphatics

A

everything else (not aromatics)

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25
what characteristics shows that benzene has delocalised electrons?
Physical: - equal bond lengths within benzene structure (proves delocalisation) Chemical: - very unreactive (would expect to be reactive if it had double bonds)
26
what reactions do alkanes undergo?
Alkanes have low reactivity and undergo free-radical substitution reactions.
27
what reactions do alkenes undergo?
Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and undergo addition reactions
28
what can be used to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes?
bromine water test, turns from orange to colourless if alkene, no change if alkane
29
what reactions do alcohols undergo?
Alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with acids (also called esterification or condensation) and some undergo oxidation reactions
30
what reactions do halogenoalkanes undergo?
Halogenoalkanes are more reactive than alkanes. They can undergo (nucleophilic) substitution reactions.
31
what reaction can benzene undergo?
Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions.
32
what does complete combustion produce
carbon dioxide and water
33
what does incomplete combustion produce
carbon monoxide and water or in very limited oxygen produces: carbon and water
34
what are free radicals
a species with an unpaired electron
35
first step of free radical substitution
Initiation - photochemical homolytic fission - Cl2 ––> 2Clº - Br2 ––> 2Brº
36
second step of free radical substitution
Propagation (chain reaction) - use and produce free radicals - Clº + CH4 ––> HCl + CH3º - Cl2 + CH3º ––> CH3Cl + Clº - CH3Cl + Clº ––> HCl + CH2Cl
37
third step of free radical substitution
Termination - remove free radicals by causing them to react together and pair up their electrons: eg. - Clº + Clº ––> Cl2 - CH3º + Clº ––> CH3Cl - CH3º + CH3º ––> C2H6
38
what can make alkanes change the colour of bromine water?
UV light
39
what species can cause addition reactions of alkenes
+ hydrogen (Ni catalyst, 150ºC)––> alkane + halogen ––> dihaloalkane + hydrogen halides ––> haloalkane (order: decreasing strength of hydrogen halide bond down group 17) + water (sulphuric acid and heat with steam as catalyst) ––> alcohol
40
how to draw a polymer?
arrange so that the monomer looks like an "H" then add as many as needed, don't forget to add extra bonds to each end
41
aldehyde general formula
R–CHO (–anal)
42
ketone general formula and ending
R–CO–R' (–one)
43
C=O name
carbonyl
44
OH name
hydroxy/l
45
polarity of alcohol, alkane, alkene
polar: alcohol non-polar: alkane alkene
46
primary 1º classification
has one or zero other carbons attached to the carbon with the functional group
47
secondary 2º classification
has two carbons attached to the carbon with the functional group
48
tertiary 3º classification
has three carbons attached to the carbon with the functional group
49
catalyst used to oxidise (oxidising agent) primary and secondary alcohols
H+/KMnO4 - acidified potassium permanganate H+/KCr2O7 - acidified potassium dichromate
50
reaction for primary alcohols
primary alcohol (oxidising agent, heat) ––> aldehyde (oxidising agent, heat)––> carboxylic acid
51
how can the carboxylic acid be obtained from a primary alcohol reaction?
heat and reflux, use a bung to stop any aldehyde escaping so it condenses and falls down again, that it continues to react until carboxylic acid is formed aldehyde condenses, is forced to further oxidise to carboxylic acid
52
how can the aldehyde be obtained from a primary alcohol reaction?
distillation, solution is heated up and the vapour is distilled out aldehyde has a lower BP so it vaporises and rises
53
what does tertiary alcohol form when oxidised?
nothing happens
54
colour change of potassium permanganate when oxidised in acidic solution
purple to colourless
55
colour change of potassium dichromate when oxidised in acidic solution
orange to green
56
oxidising secondary alcohol product
ketone
57
reaction for secondary alcohol being oxidised
secondary alcohol (oxidising agent, heat)––> ketone
58
carboxylic acid general formula and functional group name
R-COOH - carboxyl
59
ester general formula and functional group name
R–(O–C=O)–R' (carbonyl)
60
esterification reaction
carboxylic acid + alcohol (H2SO4 catalyst) <––> ester + water Esters have distinct smells, usually sweet, insoluble, lowest boiling point of the reaction so can be separated by using distillation
61
halogenoalkane general formula
R–X (halogen, F, Br, Cl, I) name in alphabetical order
62
what are nucleophilic substitution reactions of halogenoalkanes
substitution of halogen OH– is a good nucleophile eg. CH3Cl + NaOH ––> CH3OH + NaCl
63
what are electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene
a hydrogen from benzene is substituted off by a electrophile eg. C6H6 + HNO (conc. H2SO4, 50ºC) ––> C6H5NO2 + H2O