Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

saturated definition

A

contain only single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

unsaturated definition

A

contain double or triple bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

aliphatics definition

A

compounds which do not contain a benzene ring, may be saturated or unsaturated “straight chain”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

arenes definition

A

compounds which contain a benzene ring, all unsaturated “have a ring”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

electrophile definition

A

electron-deficient species which is attracted to parts of molecules which are electron-rich “positively charged”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nucleophile definition

A

electron-rich species which is attracted to parts of molecules which are electron-deficient “negatively charged”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

homolytic fission

A

covalent bond breaks by splitting the pair electron between the two products, ie. produces two free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

heterolytic fission

A

covalent bond breaks with the pair electron going to one product, ie. produced two oppositely charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how to depict the motion of one electron

A

fish hook arrow/single-barbed arrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how to how to depict the motion of a pair of electrons

A

a ‘normal’ double-barbed arrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the homologous series

A

a series of compounds that have the same general formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the trend in the boiling point in the homologous series

A

as the length of the carbon chain increases, the amount of intermolecular forces increases, and the boiling point increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

order these with increasing boiling points:
side chain, long chain, short chain

A

short chain/side chain, long chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are functional groups

A

the reactive parts of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe benzene in terms of stability and saturation

A

Benzene is an aromatic, unsaturated hydrocarbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the empirical formula telling you

A

the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the molecular formula telling you

A

the actual number of atoms of the different elements in one molecule of the compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the structural formula telling you

A

how all the atoms are bonded in a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cis definition

A

the atoms of the same kind are on the same side of the double bond eg. methyl groups are on the same side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

trans definition

A

the atoms of the same kind are on opposite sides of the double bond eg. methyl groups are on opposite sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why can geometric isomers exist?

A

because there is no rotation about the double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are aromatics

A

arenas that are a class of compounds derived from benzene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are aliphatics

A

everything else (not aromatics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what characteristics shows that benzene has delocalised electrons?

A

Physical:
- equal bond lengths within benzene structure (proves delocalisation)
Chemical:
- very unreactive (would expect to be reactive if it had double bonds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what reactions do alkanes undergo?

A

Alkanes have low reactivity and undergo free-radical substitution reactions.

27
Q

what reactions do alkenes undergo?

A

Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and undergo addition reactions

28
Q

what can be used to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes?

A

bromine water test, turns from orange to colourless if alkene, no change if alkane

29
Q

what reactions do alcohols undergo?

A

Alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with acids (also called esterification or condensation) and some undergo oxidation reactions

30
Q

what reactions do halogenoalkanes undergo?

A

Halogenoalkanes are more reactive than alkanes. They can undergo (nucleophilic) substitution reactions.

31
Q

what reaction can benzene undergo?

A

Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions.

32
Q

what does complete combustion produce

A

carbon dioxide and water

33
Q

what does incomplete combustion produce

A

carbon monoxide and water
or in very limited oxygen produces:
carbon and water

34
Q

what are free radicals

A

a species with an unpaired electron

35
Q

first step of free radical substitution

A

Initiation - photochemical homolytic fission

  • Cl2 ––> 2Clº
  • Br2 ––> 2Brº
36
Q

second step of free radical substitution

A

Propagation (chain reaction) - use and produce free radicals

  • Clº + CH4 ––> HCl + CH3º
  • Cl2 + CH3º ––> CH3Cl + Clº
  • CH3Cl + Clº ––> HCl + CH2Cl
37
Q

third step of free radical substitution

A

Termination - remove free radicals by causing them to react together and pair up their electrons:
eg.
- Clº + Clº ––> Cl2
- CH3º + Clº ––> CH3Cl
- CH3º + CH3º ––> C2H6

38
Q

what can make alkanes change the colour of bromine water?

A

UV light

39
Q

what species can cause addition reactions of alkenes

A

+ hydrogen (Ni catalyst, 150ºC)––> alkane
+ halogen––> dihaloalkane
+ hydrogen halides ––> haloalkane (order: decreasing strength of hydrogen halide bond down group 17)
+ water (sulphuric acid and heat with steam as catalyst) ––> alcohol

40
Q

how to draw a polymer?

A

arrange so that the monomer looks like an “H” then add as many as needed, don’t forget to add extra bonds to each end

41
Q

aldehyde general formula

A

R–CHO
(–anal)

42
Q

ketone general formula and ending

A

R–CO–R’
(–one)

43
Q

C=O name

A

carbonyl

44
Q

OH name

A

hydroxy/l

45
Q

polarity of alcohol, alkane, alkene

A

polar: alcohol
non-polar: alkane alkene

46
Q

primary 1º classification

A

has one or zero other carbons attached to the carbon with the functional group

47
Q

secondary 2º classification

A

has two carbons attached to the carbon with the functional group

48
Q

tertiary 3º classification

A

has three carbons attached to the carbon with the functional group

49
Q

catalyst used to oxidise (oxidising agent) primary and secondary alcohols

A

H+/KMnO4 - acidified potassium permanganate
H+/KCr2O7 - acidified potassium dichromate

50
Q

reaction for primary alcohols

A

primary alcohol (oxidising agent, heat) ––> aldehyde (oxidising agent, heat)––> carboxylic acid

51
Q

how can the carboxylic acid be obtained from a primary alcohol reaction?

A

heat and reflux, use a bung to stop any aldehyde escaping so it condenses and falls down again, that it continues to react until carboxylic acid is formed

aldehyde condenses, is forced to further oxidise to carboxylic acid

52
Q

how can the aldehyde be obtained from a primary alcohol reaction?

A

distillation, solution is heated up and the vapour is distilled out
aldehyde has a lower BP so it vaporises and rises

53
Q

what does tertiary alcohol form when oxidised?

A

nothing happens

54
Q

colour change of potassium permanganate when oxidised in acidic solution

A

purple to colourless

55
Q

colour change of potassium dichromate when oxidised in acidic solution

A

orange to green

56
Q

oxidising secondary alcohol product

A

ketone

57
Q

reaction for secondary alcohol being oxidised

A

secondary alcohol (oxidising agent, heat)––> ketone

58
Q

carboxylic acid general formula and functional group name

A

R-COOH - carboxyl

59
Q

ester general formula and functional group name

A

R–(O–C=O)–R’ (carbonyl)

60
Q

esterification reaction

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol (H2SO4 catalyst) <––> ester + water

Esters have distinct smells, usually sweet, insoluble, lowest boiling point of the reaction so can be separated by using distillation

61
Q

halogenoalkane general formula

A

R–X (halogen, F, Br, Cl, I)
name in alphabetical order

62
Q

what are nucleophilic substitution reactions of halogenoalkanes

A

substitution of halogen
OH– is a good nucleophile
eg. CH3Cl + NaOH ––> CH3OH + NaCl

63
Q

what are electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene

A

a hydrogen from benzene is substituted off by a electrophile
eg. C6H6 + HNO (conc. H2SO4, 50ºC) ––> C6H5NO2 + H2O

Chemistry (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions