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AP Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Properties of Organic Molecules

A

Weak IMF (London Dispersion), therefore…
- Low melting point and boiling point
- High Vapor Pressure (turn to gas easily)
-Volatile & Combustible
(all based on length of the carbon chain)
Slow to chemically react
- Ionic compounds in solution reacts faster
Major Natural Resource.
- (Natural Oil, Petroleum, Coal, Natural gas)

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2
Q

Organic Properties of Hydrocarbons

A
  • Covalent Bonds - Carbon and Hydrogen ONLY
  • Symmetrical Non-Polar Molecules
  • Low IMF (London Dispersion Force)
  • Soluble in non-polar solvents and insoluble in H2O
  • Nonelectrolytes (No ions present to dissociate)
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3
Q

HYDROCARBON BOND TYPES

A

Compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to each other by covalent bonds.
- Alkanes (single bond C-C)
- Alkenes (double bond C=C)
- Alkynes (triple bond C C)

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4
Q

How many bonds can a carbon atom make?

A

Each carbon atom is able to form four covalent bonds (has 4 valence electrons).
single bonds (share 2 electrons)
double bonds (share 4 electrons)
triple bonds (share 6 electrons)

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5
Q

Hydrocarbons can form

A

Aliphatic Linear Chains
Aromatic Ring Structures

Aliphatic Linear Chains can be classified further…
3) Saturated Hydrocarbons
4) Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

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6
Q

SATURATED

A

Hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds - every carbon is saturated with 4 possible bonds.
Always Alkanes.

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7
Q

UNSATURATED

A

Hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bonds - not all carbons are saturated with single bonds.

Always Alkene and Alkyne

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8
Q

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

A

Groups of organic compounds that have similar properties and related structures
Formulas will be multiples of each other

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9
Q

ALKANE SERIES

A

Group of hydrocarbons which contain carbon atoms linked by single bonds
Alkanes are saturated compounds
Naming: prefixes are used to relate the
# of carbons in the compound

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10
Q

ALKANE SERIES

A

All end in suffix “–ane”
General Formula (CnH2n+2) (Table Q)
As the number of carbons increases the boiling point increases.

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11
Q

ISOMERS

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas

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12
Q

What does isomerism start with (alkane series)?

A

Isomerism begins with butane, C4H10
normal (n) butane
(n-butane)

isobutane

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13
Q

NAMING ISOMERS

A

KEY IDEA: longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
Number the longest carbon chain so that the attached group gets the lowest possible #
Branch is named using the # of Carbons prefix, followed by the suffix “-yl”
Name ends in longest carbon chain name

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14
Q

Naming Isomers - HALOGENS

A

If a halogen is attached to the Carbon chain
(ex: -F fluoro, -Br bromo, -Cl chloro)
Number the carbon atom the halogen is attached to
(ex: 1-chlorobutane)

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15
Q

Naming Isomers - ALKENES

A

Isomers are named for position of
the double bond
1-butene, C4H8

2-butene, C4H8

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16
Q

Naming Isomers - ALKYNES

A

Named for the position of the triple bond
1-butyne, C4H6

2-butyne, C4H6

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17
Q

Functional Groups

A

Atoms or groups of atoms that give certain characteristics to an organic molecule

(determine how a molecule will react)

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18
Q

HALIDES

A

Compounds in which a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I) replaces a hydrogen one from an alkane

Chloromethane, CH3Cl
Bromoethane, CH3CH2Br

Use a number to note the location of the halogen on the carbon chain

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19
Q

ALCOHOLS

A

Contain the functional group: -OH
Example: R-OH
“R” represents some carbon chain
Naming: named for the parent alkane chain, replace last e with –ol
CH3OH, Methanol
CH3CH2OH, Ethanol

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20
Q

ETHERS

A

Contains functional group -O-
General formula: R-O-R’
Naming: right side of the -O- is named first, then the left side of the -O- is named

CH3OCH3 = methyl methyl ether
CH3CH2OCH3 = methyl ethyl ether

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21
Q

ORGANIC (CARBOXYLIC) ACIDS

A

Contain the functional group: -COOH
General Formula: R-COOH
Naming: name for # of carbons use alkane name drop –e and add “-oic acid”

HCOOH, methanoic acid
CH3COOH, ethanoic acid (vinegar)

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22
Q

AMINES (PRODUCTS OF AMMONIA)

A

Functional group: -NH2
General Formula: R-NH2
Naming: name the alkane group to which
the amine is attached
drop the –e ending and add -amine
CH3NH2 methanamine
CH3CH2NH2 ethanamine

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23
Q

ALDEHYDES

A

Contains the functional group: R-CHO
Can have fragrant (unpleasant) odors
Naming: use alkane name for the carbon chain (including carbon attached to the oxygen)
drop –e and add –al
COH2 = methanal
CH3COH = ethanal

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24
Q

KETONES

A

Contain the functional group: R-C=O is found on an interior carbon atom that is attached to two other carbon atoms
Naming: use alkane name for longest carbon chain, use number where Ketone is located.
drop –e ending, add –one
CH3COCH3 = propanone (acetone)
CH3CH2COCH3 = 2-Butanone

25
Q

AMIDES

A

Contain the functional group: RCONH2
Naming: name the longest carbon chain as you would an alkane
drop the –e and add -amide
CH3CONH2 ethanamide
CH3CH2CONH2 propanamide

26
Q

ESTERS

A

Contain the functional group: R-COOR’
Used in perfumes because of their aromas
Naming: names are derived from the alcohol and the Organic acid from which it is formed
portion from the alcohol comes 1st (this is R’)
portion from the acid come 2nd using the alkane name, dropping the -e and adding –oate
CH3COOCH2CH3 ethyl ethanoate

27
Q

AMINO ACIDS

A

Organic molecules containing the Carboxyl group (R-COOH), making it an acid, and an amine group (R-NH2) making it an amino molecule. There are many different kinds of Amino Acids, however it is not necessary that you memorize them. Amino Acids can link together like polymers(polymers of biomolecules are called polypeptides), the NH2 of one will attach to the -OH of the other molecule
Contain both the amine and the organic acid functional group

28
Q

RING STRUCTURES

A

Some carbon chains can be linked to themselves in a ring
Benzene C6H6
Tend to be called aromatic rings, because they often produce an aroma (often unpleasant and flammable)

29
Q

Combustion

A

When sufficient oxygen is present, hydrocarbons will burn to produce carbon dioxide and water
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

When the supply of oxygen is limited, carbon and carbon monoxide will also be produced

30
Q

Substitution

A

Replacement of one kind of atom by another atom or group of atoms
Saturated hydrocarbons can be replaced by halogens (F, Cl, Br, I), known as halogenation substitution.
C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H3Cl + HCl
Notice how only 1 Chlorine binds to the alkane chain, and the substituted hydrogen atom bonds to the remaining chlorine atom.

31
Q

Addition Reactions

A

The addition of one or more atoms or group of atoms to a double or triple bond (unsaturated) hydrocarbon chain, making a saturated hydrocarbon.
Will break the double/triple bond
Looks similar to a synthesis reaction
Addition reactions have only one product
(saturated hydrocarbon)

32
Q

Halogenation Addition

A

The addition of a halogen
C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2
Addition reactions have only one product
(saturated hydrocarbon)
Converts Alkene (double bond) Hydrocarbons into Alkane (single bond) hydrocarbons.
Notice addition sticks BOTH ATOMS to the hydrocarbon chain

33
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Addition of hydrogen
C2H4 + H2 → C2H6
Addition reactions have only one product
(saturated hydrocarbon)
Converts Alkene (double bond) Hydrocarbons into Alkane (single bond) hydrocarbons.
Notice addition sticks BOTH ATOMS to the hydrocarbon chain

34
Q

Esterification

A

Reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol to produce water and an ester
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH → H2O + CH3COOCH2CH3

35
Q

Saponification

A

The reaction between a fat and a strong base produces soap (salt of an organic acid) and glycerol

36
Q

Fermentation

A

enzyme from yeast acts as a catalyst to turn sugars into alcohol
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

37
Q

Polymers

A

Organic compounds made up of chains of repeating smaller units bonded together

38
Q

Monomers

A

Monomers: the individual units that make up a polymer

39
Q

Natural vs Synthetic Polymer Examples

A

Natural polymers: starches, cellulose, proteins
synthetic: polyethylene, polystyrene, rubber, plastic

40
Q

Condensation Polymerization

A

The bonding of monomers by dehydration (removal of H2O)

41
Q

Addition Polymerization

A

A polymer which is formed by an addition reaction, where many monomers bond together via rearrangement of bonds without the loss of any atom or molecule.

42
Q

Benzene Series – Unsaturated Rings

A

Know the first two!! Gen. formula = CnH2n-6

Benzene: C6H6

Toluene: C7H8

43
Q

Naming Alkane Isomers

A

Find the longest main chain of C-C bonds.
Find all side chains and circle them.
Number the main chain carbons (1, 2, 3, 4,….)
in both directions.
The lesser numbers are using the naming process.

44
Q

1) Longest Chain:
4 carbons long
Side Chains?
None
IUPAC Name?

2) Longest Chain:
3 carbons long
Side Chains?
1 (2nd C → methyl)
IUPAC Name?

A

1) Butane
2) 2-methyl propane

45
Q

1) Longest Chain:
5 carbons long
Side Chains?
None
IUPAC Name?

2) Longest Chain:
4 carbons long
Side Chains?
1 (2nd C → methyl)
IUPAC Name?

3) Longest Chain:
3 carbons long
Side Chains?
2 (2nd C → dimethyl)
IUPAC Name?

A

1) Pentane
2) 2-methyl butane
3) 2,2-dimethyl propane

46
Q

Naming Alcohols

A

Named for the parent alkane chain, replace last e with –ol
CH3OH, Methanol
CH3CH2OH, Ethanol
Use “-diol” or “-triol” to represent 2 or 3 alcohol groups on a hydrocarbon chain.

47
Q

Naming Ethers

A

1) Hydrocarbon on left side of the -O- is named first
2) Hydrocarbon on right side of the -O- is named
CH3OCH3 = methyl methyl ether or dimethyl ether.
CH3CH2OCH3 = ethyl methyl ether

48
Q

Organic Acids

A

Weak Organic Acids (safe around metals) (no ions)
Flavoring or preservatives, preventing the growth of bacteria and pathogens in food.
Lactic Acid (Muscles + Cellular Respiration)
Citric Acid (citrus fruits + preservation)

49
Q

Naming Organic Acids

A
  • # Carbons in Hydrocarbon chain
    • drop –e and add “-oic acid”
      Methanoic Acid (CHOOH), Butanoic Acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH)
50
Q

Naming Amines

A

Name the Hydrocarbon Chain
Drop the –e ending and add -amine
CH3NH2 methanamine
CH3CH2NH2 ethanamine

51
Q

Naming ALDEHYDES

A

Name the Hydrocarbon Chain
Drop –e and add –al
COH2 methanal
CH3COH ethanal

52
Q

Naming Ketones

A

Count Hydrocarbon Chain and determine Carbon #
Drop –e ending, add –one
CH3COCH3 propanone (acetone)
CH3CH2COCH3 2-Butanone

53
Q

Ketone Attachment

A

Ketone Groups can only attached themselves to Hydrocarbons with a Carbon chain equal or greater than 3 in length.

Ketone group must be identified in Hydrocarbons longer than 4 carbons in length.

54
Q

Naming Amides

A

Name the Hydrocarbon Chain
Drop the –e and add -amide
CH3CONH2 ethanamide
CH3CH2CONH2 propanamide

55
Q

Naming Esters

A

Find Functional Group
Right side hydrocarbon side chain named first
Left side Hydrocarbon named second
End second name in “-oate”
CH3COOCH2CH3 ethyl ethanoate

56
Q

Cyclohexane

A

C6H12
(Aliphatic Linear Ring)
Saturated

57
Q

Etherification

A

Reaction between two alcohol groups (along with an acid, like H2SO4) to create an ester molecule (r-O-r’

58
Q

Estherification

A

Reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol to produce water and an ester
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH → H2O + CH3COOCH2CH3

AP Chemistry (1 decks)

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