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chemistry: paper 2 > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the process of addition polymers forming from monomers:

A

-many monomers
-bond together
-to form a long chain polymer
-double bond of monomer breaks to link to other monomer
-no other substance produced in the process

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2
Q

state the differences between AP and CP:

A

AP:
-formed from one monomer type with C=C bond
-only one product is formed

CP:
-two products, a polymer and water molecule
-can be formed from one monomer type with two different functional groups
-can be formed from two monomer types with same functional group
-two reactive groups on each monomer

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3
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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4
Q

three main uses of ethanol:

A

-as chemical feedstock to produce other organic compounds
-as a biofuel (can be burned like petrol)
-used in alcoholic drinks

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5
Q

how is ethanol produced?
(through steam)

A

reacting ethene and steam
addition reaction

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6
Q

what conditions needed to create ethanol using hydration

A

high atm press (60-70 atm) high temp (300 C)
cheap and efficient

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7
Q

disadvantages of producing ethanol from ethene:

A

-produces high yield of ethanol but
-reaction needs lot of energy
ethene made from crude oil so if it runs out it will be expensive

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8
Q

disadvantages of producing ethanol from fermentation:

A

-process can be slow
-ethanol produced isn’t pure so needs to be frac distilled bcs its a solution of ethanol

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9
Q

symbol equation for fermentation of glucose for ethanol?

A

C6H12O6 ➔ CH3CH2OH + CO2

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10
Q

symbol equation for steam and ethene for ethanol?

A

C2H4 + H2O ➔ C2H5OH

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11
Q

why are carb acids called weak?

A

because they don’t fully ionise

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12
Q

what products when reacting carb acid and metal carbonate?

A

salt+water+co2

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13
Q

how are carb acids made?

A

oxidising an alcohol

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14
Q

properties of esters?

A

-COO functional group
-sweet and fruity smelling
-used in food colourings and perfumes
-volatile, evaporate easily

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15
Q

how to make esters?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid (and sulfuric acid catalyst) —> ester + water

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16
Q

what happens when an alcohol and carb acid combine?

A

the alcohol loses an OH and the carb loses a H and together this creates a by-product water molecule

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17
Q

what is a dicarb and diol group?

A

-2 carb groups
-2 alcohol groups

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18
Q

are polyesters biodegradable?

A

yes, microorganisms are able to break the ester link, unlike addition polymers like plastic that are not.

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19
Q

naturally occurring polymers:

A

-polypeptides, –amino acids
-DNA, –nucleotides
-carbohydrates, –sugars

20
Q

order of fractionating column products (lowest boiling point to highest, top to bottom)

A

-LPG
-petrol
-kerosene
-diesel oil
-heavy fuel oil (heating oil, fuel oil or lubricating oil)
-bitumen (used for roads, etc)

21
Q

what is a feedstock?

A

a raw material used to provide reactants for an industrial reaction

22
Q

what is a petrochemical?

A

a substance made from crude oil, via chemical reactions

23
Q

two types of cracking:

A

reactant heated to vapor then

-steam cracking: mixed with steam and heated to high temp

-catalytic cracking : passed over hot catalyst, high temperature

24
Q

what is crude oil?

A

-mixture of hydrocarbons; a fossil fuel containing remains of ancient biomass
-finite

25
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

-substance made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

26
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

-series of compounds with same general formula
-same functional group
-same chem properties

27
Q

desc combustion of hydrocarbons:
-type of reac
-comp and incomp

A

-exo reac when hydrocarbs react with o2
-complete comb prod: co2 + h2o
-incomplete prod: co2, or carbon monoxide and h2o

28
Q

desc physical properties of alkanes:

A

-first few in series: gases, to liquids, to solids
-generally, bp’s and viscosity + as molecule bigger
-volatility and flammability less as bigger
poor reactivity

29
Q

explain how frac dist of crude oil takes place:

A

-CrOi heated + vaporised
-vapour rises up column
-hotter top cooler bottom
-HC’s cool as going up the column, condense at diff heights bcs diff BP’s
-large molec: high BP collected at bottom
-small molec: low BP coll at top

30
Q

what is cracking:
-type of reaction

A

when HC’s thermally broken down to form smaller and more useful molecules

-thermal decomp reaction

31
Q

desc combustion of alkenes:

A

burn with smoky flame due to incomp combustion

32
Q

what is an alcohol?

A

organic compound, -OH functional group

33
Q

in a weak acid, equilibrium lies to the left because

A

there are more undissociated molecules of acid (reactants) than there are dissociated molecules of acid (products)

34
Q

as the concentration of the hydrogen ions get higher (in an acid)… the pH

A

get’s lower
-each decrease in the pH scale represents a concentration of hydrogen ions x 10

35
Q

formation of esters require:

A

a sulfuric acid catalyst

36
Q

process of fermentation

A

-solution of glucose
-add yeast, at 37C temp, anaerobic conditions
-this produces ethanol solution and co2

37
Q

advantages of producing ethanol from fermentation:

A

-uses low amount of energy
-sugar for reaction comes from plants > renewable

38
Q

Name the gas produced when sodium is added to ethanol.

A

hydrogen gas

39
Q

addition reaction of alkene with oxygen:

A

COMBUSTION

can produce carbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water

40
Q

addition reaction of alkene with hydrogen

A

HYDROGENERATION

alkene + hydrogen (150 C , nickel catalyst) -> alkane

41
Q

addition reaction of alkene with water:

A

HYDRATION

phosphoric acid catalyst
alkene + water (steam) (300C, 70 atm) –> alcohol

42
Q

addition reaction with halogen

A

eg.

ethene + chlorine –> dichloroethane

43
Q

when alcohols react with oxidising agent it forms…

A

carboxylic acid + water

44
Q

ethanol + sodium –>

A

sodium ethoxide + hydrogen

45
Q

combustion of alcohol:

A

co2 + h2o

46
Q

limewater is an…

A

aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide

chemistry: paper 2 (6 decks)

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