organic chemistry Flashcards by Tanniie Kim

describe the process of addition polymers forming from monomers:

-many monomers
-bond together
-to form a long chain polymer
-double bond of monomer breaks to link to other monomer
-no other substance produced in the process

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state the differences between AP and CP:

AP:
-formed from one monomer type with C=C bond
-only one product is formed

CP:
-two products, a polymer and water molecule
-can be formed from one monomer type with two different functional groups
-can be formed from two monomer types with same functional group
-two reactive groups on each monomer

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what is the general formula for alcohols?

CnH2n+1OH

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three main uses of ethanol:

-as chemical feedstock to produce other organic compounds
-as a biofuel (can be burned like petrol)
-used in alcoholic drinks

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how is ethanol produced?
(through steam)

reacting ethene and steam
addition reaction

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what conditions needed to create ethanol using hydration

high atm press (60-70 atm) high temp (300 C)
cheap and efficient

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disadvantages of producing ethanol from ethene:

-produces high yield of ethanol but
-reaction needs lot of energy
ethene made from crude oil so if it runs out it will be expensive

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disadvantages of producing ethanol from fermentation:

-process can be slow
-ethanol produced isn’t pure so needs to be frac distilled bcs its a solution of ethanol

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symbol equation for fermentation of glucose for ethanol?

C6H12O6 ➔ CH3CH2OH + CO2

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symbol equation for steam and ethene for ethanol?

C2H4 + H2O ➔ C2H5OH

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why are carb acids called weak?

because they don’t fully ionise

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what products when reacting carb acid and metal carbonate?

salt+water+co2

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how are carb acids made?

oxidising an alcohol

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properties of esters?

-COO functional group
-sweet and fruity smelling
-used in food colourings and perfumes
-volatile, evaporate easily

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how to make esters?

alcohol + carboxylic acid (and sulfuric acid catalyst) —> ester + water

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what happens when an alcohol and carb acid combine?

the alcohol loses an OH and the carb loses a H and together this creates a by-product water molecule

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what is a dicarb and diol group?

-2 carb groups
-2 alcohol groups

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are polyesters biodegradable?

yes, microorganisms are able to break the ester link, unlike addition polymers like plastic that are not.

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naturally occurring polymers:

-polypeptides, –amino acids
-DNA, –nucleotides
-carbohydrates, –sugars

order of fractionating column products (lowest boiling point to highest, top to bottom)

-LPG
-petrol
-kerosene
-diesel oil
-heavy fuel oil (heating oil, fuel oil or lubricating oil)
-bitumen (used for roads, etc)

what is a feedstock?

a raw material used to provide reactants for an industrial reaction

what is a petrochemical?

a substance made from crude oil, via chemical reactions

two types of cracking:

reactant heated to vapor then

-steam cracking: mixed with steam and heated to high temp

-catalytic cracking : passed over hot catalyst, high temperature

what is crude oil?

-mixture of hydrocarbons; a fossil fuel containing remains of ancient biomass
-finite

what is a hydrocarbon?

-substance made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

what is a homologous series?

-series of compounds with same general formula -same functional group -same chem properties

desc combustion of hydrocarbons: -type of reac -comp and incomp

-exo reac when hydrocarbs react with o2 -complete comb prod: co2 + h2o -incomplete prod: co2, or carbon monoxide and h2o

desc physical properties of alkanes:

-first few in series: gases, to liquids, to solids -generally, bp's and viscosity + as molecule bigger -volatility and flammability less as bigger poor reactivity

explain how frac dist of crude oil takes place:

-CrOi heated + vaporised -vapour rises up column -hotter top cooler bottom -HC's cool as going up the column, condense at diff heights bcs diff BP's -large molec: high BP collected at bottom -small molec: low BP coll at top

what is cracking: -type of reaction

when HC's thermally broken down to form smaller and more useful molecules -thermal decomp reaction

desc combustion of alkenes:

burn with smoky flame due to incomp combustion

what is an alcohol?

organic compound, -OH functional group

in a weak acid, equilibrium lies to the left because

there are more undissociated molecules of acid (reactants) than there are dissociated molecules of acid (products)

as the concentration of the hydrogen ions get higher (in an acid)... the pH

get's lower -each decrease in the pH scale represents a concentration of hydrogen ions x 10

formation of esters require:

a sulfuric acid catalyst

process of fermentation

-solution of glucose -add yeast, at 37C temp, anaerobic conditions -this produces ethanol solution and co2

advantages of producing ethanol from fermentation:

-uses low amount of energy -sugar for reaction comes from plants > renewable

Name the gas produced when sodium is added to ethanol.

hydrogen gas

addition reaction of alkene with oxygen:

COMBUSTION can produce carbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water

addition reaction of alkene with hydrogen

HYDROGENERATION alkene + hydrogen (150 C , nickel catalyst) -> alkane

addition reaction of alkene with water:

HYDRATION phosphoric acid catalyst alkene + water (steam) (300C, 70 atm) --> alcohol

addition reaction with halogen

eg. ethene + chlorine --> dichloroethane

when alcohols react with oxidising agent it forms...

carboxylic acid + water

ethanol + sodium -->

sodium ethoxide + hydrogen

combustion of alcohol:

co2 + h2o

limewater is an...

aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide