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Chemistry 30 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Organic Chemistry:

A

The study of carbon-containing compounds with the exception of oxides of carbon, (CO, CO2), carbides (Be2C, Al4C, CaC2, MgC3), carbonates (H2Co3, NaCO3), and cyanides (HCN).

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2
Q

Oxide of Carbon:

A

An oxocarbon or oxide of carbon is a chemical compound consisting only of carbon and oxygen.

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3
Q

Carbides:

A

Chemical compounds in which carbon is combined with a metallic or semimetallic element.

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4
Q

Carbonates:

A

Chemical compounds derived from carbonic acid or carbon dioxide.

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5
Q

Cyanides:

A

Chemical compounds with CN in them.

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6
Q

One carbon atom:

A

Meth

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7
Q

Two carbon atoms:

A

Eth

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8
Q

Three carbon atoms:

A

Prop

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9
Q

Four carbon atoms:

A

But

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10
Q

Five carbon atoms:

A

Pent

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11
Q

Six carbon atoms:

A

Hex

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12
Q

Seven carbon atoms:

A

Hept

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13
Q

Eight carbon atoms:

A

Oct

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14
Q

Nine carbon atoms:

A

Non

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15
Q

Ten carbon atoms:

A

Dec

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16
Q

Root:

A

Identifies the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. (Meth, eth, prop etc.)

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17
Q

Suffix:

A

Class the molecule belongs in (ane, ene, yne).

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18
Q

Prefix:

A

Position and name of substituents (branches).

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19
Q

Branches end in:

A

yl

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20
Q

Aliphatics:

A

Contain branches or rings.

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21
Q

Aromatic:

A

Hydrocarbons that are derived from a benzene ring.

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22
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons:

A

Carbon-carbon single bonds.

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23
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons:

A

Carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.

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24
Q

Homologous Series:

A

Same class, differ by a CH2 unit. It has a change in physical properties but has similar chemical reactivity.

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25
Q

Alkenes:

A

Double bonds. End in “ene.” A number is used to indicate where the bond is. The longest chain must include the double bond(s). Use di, tri etc., for multiple double bonds. Fewer dispersion forces allow them to be liquids rather than solids.

26
Q

Alkynes:

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons. Triple bond(s). More reactive than double bonds. End with “yne.” Use a number and prefix (tri, di etc.) to indicate the position and amount of triple bond(s).

27
Q

Cyclic Hydrocarbons:

A

Aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that have no beginning or end. Form rings of alkanes, alkenes or alkynes.

28
Q

Naming cyclic hydrocarbons:

A

Number/name amount of branches, number of carbons, cyclo, “ane,” “ene,” or “yne,” depending on the bond.

29
Q

Fractional Distillation:

A
  1. Petroleum is heated and vaporized
  2. The vapour rises up the tower and gradually cools
  3. Each hydrocarbon has a unique boiling point and density so will condense at different heights
  4. Larger molecules condense in lower levels
  5. Smaller, lighter molecules remain as gas and move up the tower.
30
Q

Properties of fractional distillation molecules:

A

Non-polar, LDFs, longer the chain = more HC surface area.

31
Q

What is the property by which HC compounds are separated?

A

Boiling point.

32
Q

Halocarbons:

A

Organic halides are solvents that dissolve non-polar / polar hydrocarbons since organic halides may be polar or non-polar (like dissolves like).
Act as solvents for organic materials (fats, oils, waxes, gums, resins, rubbers).
Low solubility in water but higher than similar hydrocarbons.
Higher boiling points than similar hydrocarbons.

33
Q

Naming halocarbons:

A

Alphabetical, (position and amount of), halogen branch, “ine” changes to “o.”

34
Q

Structural Isomers:

A

Same mollecular formulas but different structural formulas. Have different physical properties and may have different chemical properties.

35
Q

Arenes (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) Phenyl Functional Group:

A

Contain benzene (C6H6), the resonance structure appears to have three double bonds but has zero. Hybrids - stronger than single but weaker than double bonds. Longer than double but shorter than single bonds.

36
Q

Naming Hydrocarbons:

A

Alphabetical
Number and use prefix for how many (phenyl when) benzene is in the branch
The root name is benzene
Benzene is the main structure, and phenyl is a branch of the main structure.

37
Q

Alcohols:

A

Only found in alkanes. Hydroxyl is the functional group. Has hydrogen bonding. 1-4 C’s in length: miscible in water. 5-9 C’s in length: soluble in water.

38
Q

Primary Alcohol:

A

One carbon is bonded to the carbon connected to the OH. OH is found at the end of the structure.

39
Q

Secondary Alcohol:

A

Two carbons are bonded to the carbon connected to the OH.

40
Q

Tertiary Alcohol:

A

The carbon bonded to the OH is connected to three other carbons.

41
Q

Naming Alcohols:

A

Named after the alkane that they are derived from. Alkane’s name with the “e” dropped and replaced by “ol” if di tri etc., is not needed at the ending. Identify the position of the hydroxyl group indicated by a number in front of “ol.” Use prefixes if multiple OHs.

42
Q

The exception to naming alcohols:

A

Benzene, called phenol.

43
Q

Carboxylic Acids:

A

Polar. It can form hydrogen bonds. Dipole-dipole interactions are possible. Soluble in water. More soluble than R-OH of the same size. Carboxyl group is always the first C in a chain.

44
Q

Naming carboxylic acids:

A

Drop the “e” from the alkane and add “oic acid.” The carbon in the COOH group is part of the chain length.

45
Q

Esters:

A

Product of an organic rxn. Slow as they break and form covalent bonds. A lot of EA is necessary. It is formed by reacting primary alcohol with carboxylic acid.

46
Q

Naming Esters:

A

2 Parts:
Alcohol - alkyl branch
“oic acid” - “oate”
The OH from COOH leaves and H from OH leaves.

47
Q

What makes a compound have a lower boiling point?

A

Lower surface area, fewer IMF’s, non-polar

48
Q

What are the two types of combustion?

A

Incomplete and complete.

49
Q

Complete Combustion:

A

Produces only carbon dioxide and water vapour.

50
Q

Incomplete Combustion:

A

Produces carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, uncombusted carbon, water and energy.

51
Q

What can undergo substitution reactions?

A

Alkanes and aromatics. (Stable compounds)

52
Q

Characteristics of substitution reactions:

A

Slow, requires significant activation energy, electrophiles.

53
Q

What are substitution reactions catalyzed by?

A

UV light.

54
Q

Addition reactions involve what?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons. A catalyst is needed (solid metal).

55
Q

Bromine Water Test:

A

Detects the presence of an unsaturated hydrocarbon. A reddish-brown bromine solution will be consumed, and the product will be colourless. If unsaturated bonds are present, the solution will turn colourless.

56
Q

Adding a hydrogen halide:

A

H-X

57
Q

Adding a Halogen:

A

X-X

58
Q

Hydrogenation:

A

H-H

59
Q

Hydration:

A

H-O-H

60
Q

Elimination Characteristics:

A

Endothermic, requires heat or H+ as a catalyst, adds a reactive substance, OH- is a reactant, produces unsaturated hydrocarbons and water (and maybe an ion if dehalohydrogenating a haloalkane.)

61
Q

How to name a polymer:

A

Take monomer name and add “poly” in front.

62
Q

Condensation polymerization:

A

A small molecule such as water, ammonia, or hydrogen chloride is formed from the functional groups of two monomer molecules. An acid with a carboxyl group at each end of the molecule and an alcohol with a hydroxyl group at each end of the molecule are necessary.

Chemistry 30 (4 decks)

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