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chemistry answering techniques > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the reagents and conditions required for free radical substiution of alkanes?

A
  • limited Br2 or Cl2 (g)
  • UV light or heat
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2
Q

what are the reagents and conditions required for electrophilic addition of bromine?

A
  • Br2 in CCl4 or Br2(l)
  • R.T.P, in the dark
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3
Q

what are the observations that can be seen from E.A of bromine?

A
  • reddish-brown bromine decolourises [Br2(l)]
  • orange-red bromine decolourises [Br2 in CCl4]
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4
Q

what are the reagents and conditions required for the electrophilic addition of HX?

A
  • HX (g) or HX dissolved in CCl4
  • R.T.P

X → refers to any halogen

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5
Q

what happens when electrophilic addition of HX occurs to an unsymmetrical alkene?

A
  • the major carbocation formed is the one where the C is directly bonded to more R-groups
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6
Q

what are the reagents and conditions required for the elimination of alkenes?

A
  • alcoholic KOH/NaOH
  • heat
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7
Q

what are the reagents and conditions required for the elimination of water from alcohols?

A
  • excess concentrated H2SO4
  • 170⁰C
    OR
  • Al2O3 at 400⁰C
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8
Q

what is the ease of elimination of the 3 types of alcohols?

A
  • 3⁰ (easiest) > 2⁰ > 1⁰

* 3⁰ alcohols → 3 R groups bonded to the carbon with -OH directly bonded

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9
Q

why can a racemic mixture be formed from E.A reactions?

A
  • in step 2 of the mechanism, the carbon with the postitive charge has a trigonal planar arrangement
  • hence, the carbon with the positve charge can be attacked by the [electrophile] from either the top or the bottom of the plane with equal probability
  • thus, leading to the formation of 2 non-superimposable mirror images
  • as equal quantities of each enantiomer is formed, an optically inactive racemic mixture is obtained
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10
Q

what are the reagents and conditions required for direct hydration in alkenes?

* direct hydration is the industrial method

A
  • H2O (g) or steam
  • concentrated H3PO4
  • 360⁰C
  • 65 ATM
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11
Q

what are the reagents and conditions required for indirect hydration?

* indirect hydration is the lab method!!

A
  • cold, concentrated H2SO4,
  • followed by H2O (l)
  • heat
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12
Q

why do we use indirect hydration in a lab?

A
  • it is difficult to achieve the high pressure required in a lab
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13
Q

what are the reagents and conditions required for the reduction of alkenes?

A
  • H2 (g)
  • Pt/Pd catalyst at R.T.P OR Ni catalyst at high temperature and pressure
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14
Q

what are the 2 types of oxidation that alkenes can undergo?

A
  • mild oxidation
  • strong oxidation
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15
Q

what are the reagents and conditions required for the mild oxidation of alkenes?

A
  • KMnO4 (aq)
  • NaOH (aq) → need an alkaline medium
  • cold
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16
Q

what are the products formed from the mild oxidation of alkenes?

A
  • diols
17
Q

what are the observations from mild oxidation of alkenes?

A
  • decolourisation of purple KMnO4,
  • and the formation od brown ppt of MnO2
18
Q

can I use K2Cr2O7 for either strong or mild oxidation of alkenes?

A
  • NO, because K2Cr2O7 is not strong enough to oxidise alkenes
19
Q

what are the reagents and conditions required for the strong oxidation of alkenes?

A
  • KMnO4 (aq)
  • dilute H2SO4
  • heat
20
Q

what is the oxidised product if the alkene oxidised is a terminal alkene?

* terminal alkene has no R groups directly bonded to it

A
  • CO2
  • H2O
21
Q

what is the oxidised product if the alkene has 1 R group directly bonded to it?

A
  • carboxylic acid

* just add O to the cleaved end & the end with H

22
Q

what is the oxidised product if the alkene has 2 R groups directly bonded to it?

A
  • ketone

* add O to the cleaved part

23
Q

when do we use strong oxidation of an alkene?

A
  • to distinguish alkenes with terminal double bonds & those without
  • to determine the position of any double bonds present in a hydrocarbon based on the products formed
24
Q

what are the tests that I can use to distinguish alkenes from other organic compounds?

A
  • electrophilic addition of Br2
  • strong oxidation
  • weak oxidation
25
Q

what are the observations I can expect to see from the weak oxidation of alkenes?

A
  • purple KMnO4 decolourises,
  • and brown ppt of MnO2 is formed
26
Q

what are the observations I can expect to see from the strong oxidation of alkenes?

A
  • decolourisation of purple KMnO4
27
Q

what are the observations I can expect to see from the E.A of bromine in alkenes?

A
  • reddish-brown BR2 decolourises [use Br2 (l)]
  • orange-red Br2 decolourises [use Br2 in CCL4]
  • orange Br2 decolourises [use Br2 (aq)]

chemistry answering techniques (7 decks)

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