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MCAT Prep > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

First step of IUPAC naming

A

Identify the longest carbon chain containing the highest-order functional group
Parent chain used to determine root of the name
More substituted chain gets priority as the parent chain

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2
Q

Highest-priority functional groups

A

Most oxidized carbon

Provide the suffix for the name

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3
Q

Second step of IUPAC naming

A

Number the chain
Carbon #1 is closest to the highest-priority functional group
OR substituted carbons should be numbered as low as possible

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4
Q

Oxidation state increases with…

A

More bonds to heteroatoms

O, N, P, or halogens

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5
Q

Oxidation state decreases with…

A

More bonds to hydrogen

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6
Q

Priority of double and triple bonds

A

Double bonds take precedence if there is a tie between assigning priority in a molecule with both

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7
Q

Third step of IUPAC naming

A

Name the substituents
Substituent’s name is placed at the beginning of the compound name as a prefix, followed by the name of the longest chain
Suffix: -yl
Prefixes: di-, tri-, tetra- to describe how many of the same substituents there are

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8
Q

Fourth step of IUPAC naming

A

Assign a number to each substituent

Pair the named substituents to the corresponding number on the parent chain

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9
Q

Fifth step of IUPAC naming

A

Complete the name
Names begin with the names of the substituents in alphabetical order
Each substituent is preceded by its number on the parent chain
Numbers are separated from each other with commas and from words with hyphens
The name of the backbone chain and the suffix for the highest-priority functional group are at the end
EX: 4-ethyl-5-isopropyl-3,3-dimethylocatane

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10
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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11
Q

Alcohols

A

Compounds that contain at least one -OH group which lends them additional reactivity
Suffix: -ol
Usually takes precedence as highest-priority functional group
If it is not highest-priority it is named as the hydroxyl substituent hydroxy-

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12
Q

Alkanes

A

Simple hydrocarbons with formula CnH(2n+2)
Suffix: -ane
Prefixes from 5-12 C: pent-, hex-, hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, undec-, and dodec-

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13
Q

Methane

A

One carbon alkane

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14
Q

Ethane

A

Two carbon alkane

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15
Q

Propane

A

Three carbon alkane

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16
Q

Butane

A

Four carbon alkane

17
Q

Alkyl halides

A

Halogen substituents on alkanes

Prefixes: fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-

18
Q

Alkenes

A

Double bonds

Suffix: -ene

19
Q

Alkynes

A

Triple bonds

Suffix: -yne

20
Q

Diols/glycols

A

Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups
Suffix: -diol
Hydrocarbon name is persevered and -diol is added

21
Q

Germinal diols/hydrates

A

Diols with hydroxyl groups on the same carbon

Not common because they spontaneously dehydrate to produce carbonyl compounds with C=O functional groups

22
Q

Vicinal diols

A

Diols with hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons

23
Q

Carbonyl

A

C=O

24
Q

Aldehydes

A 
Contain a carbonyl
Appear at the end of a parent chain
Suffix: -al
Substituent prefix: oxo-
Usually takes precedence over many other groups
25
Q

Ketones

A 
Contain a carbonyl
Found in the middle of a carbon chain
Suffix: -one 
Substituent prefixes: oxo- or keto-
Named by listing alkyl groups in alphabetical order, followed by “ketone”
26
Q

Common name for methanal

A

Formaldehyde

27
Q

Common name for ethanal

A

Acetaldehyde

28
Q

Common name for propanal

A

Propionaldehyde

29
Q

Common name for propanone

A

Acetone

30
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

Contains a carbonyl group and hydroxyl group on a terminal carbon
Highest-priority functional group on MCAT
Suffix: -oic acid

31
Q

Common name for methanoic acid

A

Formic acid

32
Q

Common name for ethanoic acid

A

Acetic acid

33
Q

Common name for propanoic acid

A

Propionic acid

34
Q

Esters

A

Carboxylic acid derivative
Hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced with an alkoxy group (-OR, where R is a hydrocarbon chain)
First term is the alkyl name of the esterifying group
Second term is the name of the parent acid with “-oate” replacing “-oic acid”

35
Q

Amides

A

Carboxylic acid derivative
Hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced with amino group (contains N)
Suffix: -amide
Substituents attached to the nitrogen are labeled with “N-“, are included as prefixes, and are not numbered

36
Q

Anhydrides

A

Carboxylic acid derivative
Named by replacing “acid” with “anhydride” if it is formed from one type of a carboxylic acid
If it is not symmetrical, both carboxylic acids are named without the “acid” suffix and then “anhydride” is added

37
Q

What would be the names of the ester, amide, and anhydride derivatives of pentatonic acid? Assume that the R group on the ester is -CH3 and that the amide is unsubstituted.

A

Ester: methyl pentanoate
Amide: pentanamide
Anhydride: pentanoic anhydride

38
Q

Order of functional group priority

A

Carboxylic acid > anhydride > ester > amide > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > alkene or alkyne > alkane
Alkenes have higher priority than alkynes in cyclic compounds

MCAT Prep (8 decks)

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