Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is Crude Oil?

A

Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks made up of the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud.

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2
Q

Describe how fractional distillation works

A

Crude oil is separated into fractions using fractional distillation. The crude oil is fed into the fractioning column which gets cooler as it goes up. The gases rise and then condense into liquid once they reach the level that is their boiling point. The fuels produced include Petroleum, Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel, etc.

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3
Q

How is viscosity affected by the length of the molecules in hydrocarbons?

A

The longer the molecule, the more viscous it is

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4
Q

How is the boiling point affected by the length of the molecules in hydrocarbons?

A

The longer the molecule, the higher its boiling point

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5
Q

How is flammability affected by the length of the molecules in hydrocarbons?

A

The longer the molecule, the less flammable it is.

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6
Q

What is cracking?

A

Hydrocarbons can be cracked to produce smaller, more useful molecules. This can be done either by passing them over a hot catalyst (catalytic cracking) or mixing them with steam and heating so thermal decomposition reactions can occur (steam cracking)

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7
Q

What is the test for the presence of alkenes

A

Alkenes react with bromine water, turning it from orange to colourless

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8
Q

Describe the structure of alkenes

A

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double carbon-carbon bond. They have the general formula CnH2n. They are unsaturated because they contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.

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9
Q

Name the first four Alkanes

A

Methane - CH4
Ethane - C2H6
Propane - C3H8
Butane - C4H10

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10
Q

Name the first four Alkenes

A

Ethene - C2H4
Propene - C3H6
Butene - C4H8
Pentene - C5H10

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11
Q

Name the first four Alcohols

A

Methanol - CH3OH
Ethanol - C2H5OH
Propanol -C3H8OH
Butanol - C4H10OH

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12
Q

Name the first four Carboxylic Acids

A

Methanoic Acid - CH2O2
Ethanoic Acid - C2H2O2
Propanoic Acid - C3H6O2
Butanoic Acid -C4H8O2

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13
Q

List some of the reactions of alcohols

A
  • They burn in air which produces carbon dioxide and water
  • They dissolve in water to form a neutral solution
  • They react with sodium to produce hydrogen and a salt
  • They react with oxidising agents to form carboxylic acids
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14
Q

What are the main uses of the alcohols

A

Methanol: chemical feedstock
Ethanol: alcoholic drinks
All 4: fuel

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15
Q

How is ethanol produced?

A

Ethanol is produced by fermenting sugar with yeast and an enzyme catalyst at about 35C.

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16
Q

List some of the reactions of carboxylic acids

A
  • Dissolve in water to produce an acidic solution
  • Reacts with metal carbonates to produce carbon dioxide, a salt, and water
  • React with alcohols (and an acid catalyst) to produce esters
17
Q

What happens in addition polymerisation?

A

Many small monomers join together to form one large polymer

18
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

Condensation polymerisation involves monomers with two functional groups. When these types of monomers react they join together, usually losing small molecules such as water, and so the reactions are called condensation reactions.

19
Q

Name some naturally occurring polymers

A
  • Proteins (monomer = amino acid)
  • Starch (monomer = glucose)
  • Cellulose (monomer = glucose)