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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a crude oil?

A

Mixture of molecules called hydro carbons.
Hydrocarbons has different boiling point
Long chain= high boiling point

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2
Q

What is Fractional distillation?

A

Crude oil is separated into fractions containing hydrocarbons with similar number of carbon atoms

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3
Q

What fractions are at the top of the column?

A

Liquid petroleum gas-bottled gas
petrol-gasoline fuel for cars
naphtha-raw material for chemical industry

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4
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Formed from the remains of microscopic plants and animals that once lived in the sea they then sink to the sea bed

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5
Q

What is an alkane?

A 
Carbon atoms fully bonded to hydrogen
METH-1
ETH-2
PROP-3
BUT-4
Complete combustion produce co2 and h20
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6
Q

What is an alkene?

A

Carbon has double bonds
Burn in air with Smoky flame, incomplete combustion not fully oxidised + produces co , c and h20
*makes polymers

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7
Q

What is Cracking?

A

Long chain alkane is broken down to produce shorter chain

produces 2 type of product alkane and alkenes

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8
Q

What is the test for alkene(unsaturated hydrocarbon)?

A

add alkene and bromine water together and it should go from orange to colourless(decolourises)
stays orange with alkanes

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9
Q

What is fermentation/how does temp affect it?

A

sugar—ethanol + carbon dioxide
temp between 25-50 are the best
if its too low-yeast becomes inactive and reaction slows down
too high-yeast denatures and reaction stops working

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10
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols/What are the first 4 alcohols?

A 
function group hydroxyl OH
Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol is the first 4 members of the homologous series of alcohols
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11
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids and do they ionise?

A

functional group carboxyl COOH

-Do not ionise (dissolve) fully in water -weak acids

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12
Q

What are the equations for esters/what is the functional group?

A

alcohols + carboxylic acid = esters
functional group COO
ethanol + ethanoic–ethyl ethanoate

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13
Q

What is a Amino acid?

A

functional groups:
amino group NH3
carboxyl group COOH
Glycine (NH2CH2COOH) is an amino acid

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14
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is a very large molecule

It stores and transmit instruction for development

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15
Q

What are Starch and cellulose?

A

Both are polymers of sugar
made by plants
Sugar, starch and cellulose are all carbohydrates

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16
Q

What is a Condensation polymers?

A

Made up of 2 different monomers(not alkenes)

  • each of the monomers has to have at least 2 functional group
  • Small molecule given off in the process
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17
Q

What is an Addition polymerisation?

A

Make polyers
Monomers are alkenes with a double carbon bond that make a polymer-short
polymer has a single carbon bond -long

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18
Q

What are the first 4 steps for fractional distillation?

A

1) Takes place in large columns
2) Crude oil is heated at high temp causing it to boil
3) Hydrocarbons evaporate and turn into gas
4) Crude oil vapour is fed into column

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19
Q

What are the last 2 steps for fractional distillation?

A

5) Hot at the bottom and cold at the top vapours rise up the column
6) Hydrocarbons condense when reaching boiling point and liquid fractions are moved and remaining hydrocarbons move up

20
Q

Where are long chains and short chains removed from?

A

AT THE BOTTOM LONG CHAINS OF HYDROCARBONS ARE REMOVED

short carbon chains are removed at the top as gases

21
Q

What fractions are in the middle of the column?

A

kerosene-fuel for aircraft
diesels-fuel for trains
lubricator oil-engine oil

22
Q

What fractions are at the bottom of the column?

A

fuel oil-fuel for heating and ships

bitumen-roofing and roads

23
Q

What happens after the remains are sunken into the sea bed?

A

2) overtime the remains are buried under layers of sediment

3) more and more sediment became rock as temp and pressure increased.

24
Q

How did the plant and animal remains turn to crude oil?

A

3|)plant and animals were altered chemically and slowly changed into crude oil and natural gas
the sediment kept oxygen away and stopped the remains

25
Q

How did the oil rise up?

A

4)Chemical reactions turn it to oil

oil rose up through permeable rocks (allows liquid + gas) until it became trapped by impermeable rocks

26
Q

What is the last step[ for crude oil formation?

A

oil companies can now drill down through impermeable rocks they then turn the oil to petrol and diesel

27
Q

What are the formulas for alkanes and alkenes?

A

ALKANES-Cn H2n +2

ALKENES-Cn H2n

28
Q

What are the definition of homologous series?

A

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES=Group of component with same general formula and properties

29
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

A

UNSATURED=Contains at least one double bond(alkenes) used to make plastics
SATURATED-molecules contain single bond only between carbon atoms(alkane)used to make fuel

30
Q

What are the conditions for catalystic/steam cracking?

A

1) CATALYSTIC CRACKING-high temp and catalyst

2) STEAM CRACKING-high temp and steam

31
Q

What are alcohols?

A

-dissolve in water to form neutral ions
-react with sodium to produce hydrogen
- burn in air — co2 + h2o
-Used as fuels and solvents
Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid by chemical oxidising agents

32
Q

What do carboxylic acid react with?

A
  • Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
  • react with carbonates to produce co2 + water
  • react with alcohol to form esters
33
Q

What are esters used for/What are the properties of esters?

A

esters have low boiling point
volatile
distinctive smell used in perfumes and food colouring

34
Q

What are polysaccharides/monosaccharides?

A

POLYSACCHARIDES-starch cellulose and glycogen(enormous link thousands of sugar units ,long-term energy)
MONOSACCHRIDES-glucose and fructose (simple sugars and provide short term energy)
Both are amino acids

35
Q

What is the equation for amino acids?

A

amino acid–repeating unit + water

36
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Polypeptide-protein which form a condensation reaction it contain peptide links these links bond to form the carboxylic group and amino group when joined together

37
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Made up of two polymer chains which form a double helix constructed from four different nucleotide CG and AT
they also have a base, sugar phosphate

38
Q

What is a repeating unit?

A

put brackets around a section and extend arms,put a n
-same atoms as the monomer
-Does not contain a double bond
THIS IS FOR ADDITION POLYMERIZATION

39
Q

What is DNA and carbohydrate?

A

DNA-nucleotide A,T C,G

Carbohydrate-made from c,o,h

40
Q

What properties does a thermosoftening polymer have?

A

individual polymers chains that are tangled together
consist of polymers such as poly(ethene)
weak intermolecular forces between all polymer chain and soften on heating

41
Q

What is a thermosetting polymer?

A

consist of polymer chains such as melamine
joined together by cross links
do not melt when heated

42
Q

How do you crack large hydrocarbons to smaller ones?

A

long chains of liquid alkane mineral is soaked with liquid paraffin when it is passed over a catalyst the bond break the long chains into shorter ones

43
Q

What is the product of cracking large and small hydrocarbons?

A

product will be a mixture of alkanes and alkenes
alkenes react with bromine making the water go colorless
alkanes have no reaction

44
Q

What are the advantages of fermentation and hydration of ethene?

A 
FERMENTATION-less energy used
renewable energy resource used
ETHERNE-continuous process
high yield of ethanol 
fast reaction 
atom economy 100%
purer product
45
Q

How are simple polymers formed (condensation)?

A

when diols(molecules with 2 hydroxyl group -OH) join with dicarboxylic acids (molecules with 2 carboxyl COOH group)

Chemistry (10 decks)

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