Organic Chemistry 1 Flashcards
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon.
What are homologous series?
A group of organic molecules with the same functional groups and same general formulae.
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of that compound.
What are the IUPAC naming rules?
- Find the longest carbon chain.
- Number chain so functional group has the lowest number.
- Name chain in alphabetical order. Dash between numbers and letters, commas between numbers.
What types of reactions are there?
Addition, elimination, substitution, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, polymerisation.
What is addition reaction?
Two or more molecules join together to form a larger molecule.
What is elimination reaction?
A small group of atoms breaks off a large molecule.
What is substitution reaction?
One species is replaced by another.
What is oxidation?
Oxygen is added, hydrogen is lost, or there is a loss of electrons.
What is reduction?
Hydrogen is added, oxygen is lost, or there is a gain of electrons.
What is hydrolysis?
A compound splits apart in a reaction involving water.
What is polymerisation?
Many small molecules join together to form a larger molecule.
What is structural isomerism?
Molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
What is stereoisomerism?
Molecules with the same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.
What is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2.
What are the properties of alkanes?
Alkanes and cycloalkanes are saturated, only have single covalent bonds, non-polar, and insoluble in water.
How are alkane fuels formed?
Through fractional distillation of crude oil.
What is cracking?
Converts long chain alkanes into short chain alkanes and alkenes.
What are the thermal cracking conditions?
450°C-900°C, 70 atm pressure.
What are the catalytic cracking conditions?
450°C, 1 atm pressure, zeolite catalyst.
What pollutants are formed during the combustion of alkane fuels?
Carbon monoxide, oxides of sulfur, and oxides of nitrogen.
What is a radical?
A species with an unpaired electron.
What are the reactions of alkanes?
Combustion and halogens (free radical substitution).
What is the qualitative test for an alkene?
Decolourises brown bromine water, turns it colourless.
