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chemistry 🧪 > organic chemistry 1 > Flashcards

organic chemistry 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what two types of structure can carbon form? (intro to organic)

A
  • rings
  • very long chains (may or may not be branched)
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2
Q

why can carbon form rings/chains? (intro to organic)

A
  • a carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell, so it form four covalent bonds
  • carbon-carbon bonds are relatively strong (347 kJ mol-1) & are non polar
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3
Q

what is the strength & polarity of C-C bonds & C-H bonds? (intro to organic)

A
  • carbon-carbon = 347 kJ mol-1 & non-polar
  • carbon-hydrogen = 413 kJ mol-1 & non-polar
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4
Q

what happens to carbon in all stable carbon compounds? (intro to organic)

A
  • forms four covalent bonds
  • has eight electrons in its outer shell
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5
Q

define empirical formula & give ethanol’s empirical formula (intro to organic)

A
  • the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
  • e.g. C2H6O
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6
Q

define molecular formula & give ethanol’s molecular formula (intro to organic)

A
  • tells us the actual numbers of atoms of each different element that makes up a molecule of a compound
  • e.g. C2H6O
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7
Q

define general formula & give the example for alcohols (intro to organic)

A
  • represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compounds
  • e.g. CnH2n+2O or CnH2n+1OH
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8
Q

define structural formula & give an example for ethanol (intro to organic)

A
  • bonds are not shown by each carbon atom is written separately with each atoms that are attached to it
  • e.g. CH3CH2OH
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9
Q

define displayed formula & give an example for ethanol (intro to organic)

A
  • the formula of the compound is drawn out so that each atom & each bond is shown
  • e.g. H H
    I I
    H—C—C—O—H
    I I
    H H
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10
Q

define skeletal formula & give an example for ethanol (intro to organic)

A
  • carbon chain is shown by lines with no carbons or hydrogens drawn (atoms or C-H bonds)
  • e.g. \ / O—H
    \ /
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11
Q

define 3D structural formula (intro to organic)

A
  • shows 3D structure of a molecule
  • bonds coming out of the paper are shown by wedges
  • bonds gong t into the paper are shown by dotted lines
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12
Q

what do curly reactions represent? (intro to organic)

A
  • shows the movement of electrons
  • starts from a lone pair of electrons or from a covalent bond
  • moved towards a positively charged area of a molecule to form a new bond
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13
Q

what are free radicals? (intro to organic)

A
  • fragments of a molecule where a covalent bond has broken so that one electron goes to each atom that originally formed the bond
  • the fragments have an unpaired electron & are usually extremely reactive
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14
Q

what is IUPAC & what did they develop? (intro to organic)

A
  • International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry
  • developed the system used for naming compounds
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15
Q

what does the root in a systematic name tell us? (intro to organic)

A
  • the longest I branched hydrocarbon chain/ring
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16
Q

how many carbons does the root ‘meth’ mean? (intro to organic)

A
  • 1 carbon
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17
Q

how many carbons does the root ‘eth’ represent? (intro to organic)

A
  • 2 carbons
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18
Q

how many carbons does the root ‘prop’ represent? (intro to organic)

A
  • 3 carbons
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19
Q

how many carbons does the root ‘but’ represent? (intro to organic)

A
  • 4 carbons
20
Q

how many carbons does the root ‘pent’ represent? (intro to organic)

A
  • 5 carbons
21
Q

how many carbons does the root ‘hex’ represent? (intro to organic)

A
  • 6 carbons
22
Q

what do the syllables -ane & -ene represent when naming compounds? (intro to organic)

A
  • -ane means there are no double bonds
  • -ene means there is a double bond
23
Q

what do prefixes/suffixes represent when naming molecules? (intro to organic)

A
  • describes the changes that have been made to the root molecule
24
Q

what is the formula for the prefix ‘methyl’? (intro to organic)

A
  • CH3-
25
Q

what is the formula for the prefix ‘ethyl’? (intro to organic)

A
  • C2H5-
26
Q

what is the formula for the prefix ‘propyl’? (intro to organic)

A
  • C3H7-
27
Q

what is the formula for the prefix ‘butyl’? (intro to organic)

A
  • C4H9-
28
Q

what other prefix do hydrocarbon rings have? (intro to organic)

A
  • cyclo- (e.g. cyclohexane)
29
Q

what is a functional group? (intro to organic)

A
  • the reactive group/s that are attached to hydrocarbon chains
30
Q

does the length of a hydrocarbon chain affect the reactivity of its functional group? (intro to organic)

A
  • no
  • reacts in the same way regardless of the length of the hydrocarbon chain
31
Q

what does the symbol R represent when naming compounds? (intro to organic)

A
  • represents a hydrocarbon chain of any length
32
Q

what does a number/locant tell us about positioning in compounds? (intro to organic)

A
  • the position of any branching in a chain
  • the position of any functional group
33
Q

how can you show if you have more than one of the same substituting group? (intro to organic)

A
  • by adding prefixes like di-/tri-/tetra-
34
Q

what is a homogolous series? (intro to organic)

A
  • a family of organic compounds with the same functional group but different carbon chain lengths
35
Q

does the length of a hydrocarbon chain affect a compounds chemical properties? (intro to organic)

A
  • no
36
Q

does the hydrocarbon chain affect length affect a compound’s physical properties? (intro to organic)

A
  • yes
  • melting & boiling points increase by a small amount as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases
  • in general small molecules are gases & larger ones are liquids/gases
37
Q

how does chain branching affect melting point & why? (intro to organic)

A
  • reduced melting point
  • because the molecules can’t pack together as well/as closely
38
Q

what are isomers? (intro to organic)

A
  • molecules with the same molecular formula but in which atoms are arranged in a different way
39
Q

define structural isomerism (intro to organic)

A
  • isomers that have a different structural formula
40
Q

define stereoisomerism (intro to organic)

A
  • isomers that have the same structural formula but the 3D arrangement of atoms is different
41
Q

what are the different types of structural & stereoisomerism? (intro to organic)

A

structural
- chain
- positional
- functional group

stereo
- cis-trans/E-Z
- optical

42
Q

what is chain isomerism & what type of isomerism is it? (intro to organic)

A
  • the hydrocarbon chain in the isomers are arranged differently
  • type of structural isomerism
43
Q

what is positional isomerism & what type of isomerism is it? (intro to organic)

A
  • the functional group is attached to the man chain at different points
  • type of structural isomerism
44
Q

what is functional group isomers & what type of isomerism is it? (intro to organic)

A
  • there are different functional groups
  • type of structural isomerism
45
Q

what is E-Z isomerism & what type of isomerism is it? (intro to organic)

A
  • tells us about the position of substitute to at either end of a C=C bond
  • they may either be on the same side as the bond (Z, cis) or the opposite side (E, trans)
  • E- Z- isomers are separate compounds & are not easily converted to one another as their substituted groups can’t rotate around the double bond
  • type of stereoisomerism
46
Q

what is optical isomerism & what type of isomerism is it? (intro to organic)

A
  • pairs of molecules that are non-super impossible mirror images
  • occurs when there is an asymmetrical carbon within an organic molecule
  • type of stereoisomerism

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