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Chemsitry > organic chemisrty > Flashcards

organic chemisrty Flashcards

1
Q

halogenalkane –> nitrile

A

reagent: KCN
Conditions: ethanol and heat under reflux
Type: nucleophilic substitution

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2
Q

halogenalkane –> amine

A

reagent: conc NH3
conditons: ammonia, heat in a sealed tube
type: nucleophilic substitution

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3
Q

nitrile –> carboxylic acid

A

Reagent: dilute HCl
Conditions: heat under reflux
Type: hydrolysis

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4
Q

primary alcohol –> carboxylic acid

A

conditions: reflux and heat
reagents: primary alcohol and acidified potassium dichromate
at the end distill off the carboxylic acid
type; oxidation
observation: orange –> green

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5
Q

ester –> carboxylic acid + water

A

Reagents: dilute acid catalyst

conditions: heat under reflux (and distill off the carboxylic acid)
type: hydrolysis

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6
Q

acyl chloride –> carboxylic acid + HCl

A

Reagents: water
type: hydrolysis
observations: toxic misty fumes
Conditions: room temp still a violent reaction

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7
Q

amides –> carboxylic acid + ammonium salt

A

reagents: (water +) dilute HCl
type: acidic hydrolysis

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8
Q

amides –> carboxylate salt + ammonia

A

reagents: dilute NaOH
type: alkaline hydrolysis
observations: distinctive ammonia smell. Turns red litmus blue

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9
Q

carboxylic acid + phosphorous pentachloride –> acyl chloride + phosphorous trichloride oxide + Hydrogen chloride gas

A

Reagents: PCl5 (s)
products: phosphorous trichloride oxide - colourless liquid
Observations: HCl (g) misty fumes
test: turns blue litmus –> red
glass rod dipped in conc NH3 –> WHITE SMOKE

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10
Q

Carboxylic acid + base –> salt +water

A

CH3COOH + NaOH –> CH3COONa + H2O

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11
Q

carboxylic acid + carbonate –> carbon dioxide + water + salt

A

2CH3COOH + CaCO3 –> Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2

FIZZING - CO2

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12
Q

Carboxylic acid + alcohol –> ester + water

A

Reagents: alcohol, strong catalyst e.g. conc H2SO4
conc H2SO4 is a dehydrating agent it removes H2O therefore shifting position of eq to the RHS therefore yield of ester increases
Conditions: reflux

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13
Q

Carboxylic acid + lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (III) –> alchol + water

A

reagents: LiAlH4
Conditions: Dry ether

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14
Q

acyl chloride + alcohols –> Ester + HCl (g)

A

Type: addition-elimination
Condition: reflux in dry anhydrous conditions

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15
Q

Acyl chloride + conc Ammonia –> primary amide + HCl

A

Conditions: low temperature + excess conc ammonia
type: addition - elimination

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16
Q

Acyl chloride +amine –> N-substituted amide + HCl

A

Conditions - anhydrous

Observations: misty fumes

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17
Q

hydrolysis of esters using an acid cataylst

A

Reversible reaction

conditions: reflux - dilute H+ catalyst

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18
Q

Hydrolysis of esters using a basic catalyst -

A

more efficient - not reversible because the carboxylate salt and alcohol do not react with each other

liberate acid by adding a strong acid salt

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19
Q

Why do acyl chlorides react with alcohols faster than carboxylic acids do?

A
  1. C-Cl bond is weaker than C=O bond

2. C delta positive in carbonyl is more delta positive therefore more attractive to nucleophiles

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20
Q

What are polyesters made from?

A

polyesters are made from diols and dicarboxylic acids

21
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

Polymerisation = a process in which small molecules (monomers) join together into large molecules (polymers) consisting of repeating units

22
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

In condensation polymerisation monomers join up with the expulsion of small molecules e.g. water
not all the original atoms are present in the polymer

type of reaction: Addition-eliminaton

bonding: ester link or amide link (peptide)

23
Q

Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid + ethane-1,2-diol —> TERYLENE + H2O

A

type: esterification (addition-elimination - condensation)
eliminated: water
Product: terlyene
uses: fabrics and bottles
properties: contains an ester link - can be broken down by hydrolysis.
The C-O bond breaks - behaves like and ester
BIODEGRADABLE

24
Q

2-hydroxypropanoic acid + 2-hydroxypropanoic acid –> Polylacticacid

A

Type@ esterification
eliminated: water
properties: contains an ester link - can be broken by hydrolysis
the C-O breaks acts like an ester
BIODEGRADABLE
PHOTOBIODEGRADABLE C=O absorbs radiation
Uses: waste sacks+ packaging. Disposable eating utensils. Internal stiches

25
Q

halogenoalkane –> alcohol

A

reagents: NaOH (aq)/KOH (aq)
conditions: heat under reflux
type: nucleophilic substitution

26
Q

Halogenoalkane –> nitrile

A

reagents: KCN (ethanolic)
Conditions: Ethanol heat under reflux

27
Q

Halogenoalkane –> alkene

A

reagents: ethanolic KOH/NaOH
conditons: ethanol and heat under reflux

28
Q

halogenalkane –> amine

A

reagents; conc NH3
Condtions: ethanol, heat to 100 degrees c in sealed tube
type: nucleophilic sub

29
Q

secondary alcohol –> ketone

A

Reagents: K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4
Conditions: Heat under reflux

30
Q

Friedel-Crafts - alkylation

A

reagents: Halogenalkane + anhydrous AlCl3 (aluminium chloride)
conditions: RTP, dry inert solvent (ether)
Electrophile: carbocation

31
Q

Acylation

A

Reagents: Acyl chloride ACOCl + Anhydrous AlCl3
conditions: Reflux, 50oC, dry inert solvent ether
Electrophile: RC+=O
product: AROMATIC KETONES

32
Q

reaction of phenol with bromine water

A

conditions: RTP
observations: Bromine water decolourises, white ppt formed and antiseptic smell
Product: 2,4,6-tribromophenol + 3HBr

33
Q

dioic acid/ diacyl chloride + diol —> polyester

A

type of reaction:

condensation polymerisation

34
Q

alkene –> alcohol

A

reagent: steam
Conditions: phosphoric acid catalyst 170 degrees
type addition/ hydration

35
Q

Define the term structural isomer?

A

same molecular formula

different arrangement of atoms in the molecule

36
Q

alcohol+ PCl5

A

products: Chloroalkane + POCl3 + HCl
conditions: RTP

37
Q

alcohol + HBr

A

reagents: HBr made from 50% KBr and 50% Conc H20S4
conditions: heat under reflux

38
Q

alcohol + iodine

A

reagents: red phosphorus and iodine
conditions: warm

39
Q

preparation of a grignard reagent from a halogenoalkane?

A

reagent: magnesium
conditions: dry ether/ heat under reflux

40
Q

grignard reagent –> primary alcohol

A

reagent: methanal
conditions: dilute acid catalyst

41
Q

grignard reagent –> secondary alcohol

A

reagent: All aldehydes except methanal
conditions: dilute acid catalyst

42
Q

grignard reagent –> tertiary alcohol

A

reagent: ketone
conditions: dilute acid catalyst

43
Q

grignard reagent –> carboxylic acid

A

reagent: dry carbon dioxide
conditions: dilute acid catalyst

44
Q

alkane –> branched/cyclic alkane

A

platinum catalyst
500 oC
High pressure

45
Q

thermal cracking

A

high temp

steam

46
Q

catalytic cracking

A

high temp
steam
zeolite catalyst

47
Q

state what is meant by the term saturated in relation to a hydrocarbon

A
  • contains only c-c single bonds/only sigma bonds
  • cannot undergo addition reactions
  • has the max number of H atoms
48
Q

homologous series?

A

same general formula/include same functional group

similar chemical properties

49
Q

state additional factors that should be taken into consideration when evaluating the life cycle and sustainability of cups

A
  • ease of recyclability
  • space taken up at landfill
  • type and amount of gases released when its incinerated
  • biodegradeability

Chemsitry (9 decks)

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