organic chemisrty Flashcards by Iman Chaudhari

halogenalkane –> nitrile

reagent: KCN
Conditions: ethanol and heat under reflux
Type: nucleophilic substitution

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halogenalkane –> amine

reagent: conc NH3
conditons: ammonia, heat in a sealed tube
type: nucleophilic substitution

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nitrile –> carboxylic acid

Reagent: dilute HCl
Conditions: heat under reflux
Type: hydrolysis

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primary alcohol –> carboxylic acid

conditions: reflux and heat
reagents: primary alcohol and acidified potassium dichromate
at the end distill off the carboxylic acid
type; oxidation
observation: orange –> green

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ester –> carboxylic acid + water

Reagents: dilute acid catalyst

conditions: heat under reflux (and distill off the carboxylic acid)
type: hydrolysis

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acyl chloride –> carboxylic acid + HCl

Reagents: water
type: hydrolysis
observations: toxic misty fumes
Conditions: room temp still a violent reaction

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amides –> carboxylic acid + ammonium salt

reagents: (water +) dilute HCl
type: acidic hydrolysis

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amides –> carboxylate salt + ammonia

reagents: dilute NaOH
type: alkaline hydrolysis
observations: distinctive ammonia smell. Turns red litmus blue

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carboxylic acid + phosphorous pentachloride –> acyl chloride + phosphorous trichloride oxide + Hydrogen chloride gas

Reagents: PCl5 (s)
products: phosphorous trichloride oxide - colourless liquid
Observations: HCl (g) misty fumes
test: turns blue litmus –> red
glass rod dipped in conc NH3 –> WHITE SMOKE

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Carboxylic acid + base –> salt +water

CH3COOH + NaOH –> CH3COONa + H2O

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carboxylic acid + carbonate –> carbon dioxide + water + salt

2CH3COOH + CaCO3 –> Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2

FIZZING - CO2

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Carboxylic acid + alcohol –> ester + water

Reagents: alcohol, strong catalyst e.g. conc H2SO4
conc H2SO4 is a dehydrating agent it removes H2O therefore shifting position of eq to the RHS therefore yield of ester increases
Conditions: reflux

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Carboxylic acid + lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (III) –> alchol + water

reagents: LiAlH4
Conditions: Dry ether

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acyl chloride + alcohols –> Ester + HCl (g)

Type: addition-elimination
Condition: reflux in dry anhydrous conditions

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Acyl chloride + conc Ammonia –> primary amide + HCl

Conditions: low temperature + excess conc ammonia
type: addition - elimination

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Acyl chloride +amine –> N-substituted amide + HCl

Conditions - anhydrous

Observations: misty fumes

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hydrolysis of esters using an acid cataylst

Reversible reaction

conditions: reflux - dilute H+ catalyst

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Hydrolysis of esters using a basic catalyst -

more efficient - not reversible because the carboxylate salt and alcohol do not react with each other

liberate acid by adding a strong acid salt

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Why do acyl chlorides react with alcohols faster than carboxylic acids do?

C-Cl bond is weaker than C=O bond

2. C delta positive in carbonyl is more delta positive therefore more attractive to nucleophiles

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What are polyesters made from?

polyesters are made from diols and dicarboxylic acids

What is polymerisation?

Polymerisation = a process in which small molecules (monomers) join together into large molecules (polymers) consisting of repeating units

What is condensation polymerisation?

In condensation polymerisation monomers join up with the expulsion of small molecules e.g. water
not all the original atoms are present in the polymer

type of reaction: Addition-eliminaton

bonding: ester link or amide link (peptide)

Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid + ethane-1,2-diol —> TERYLENE + H2O

type: esterification (addition-elimination - condensation)
eliminated: water
Product: terlyene
uses: fabrics and bottles
properties: contains an ester link - can be broken down by hydrolysis.
The C-O bond breaks - behaves like and ester
BIODEGRADABLE

2-hydroxypropanoic acid + 2-hydroxypropanoic acid –> Polylacticacid

Type@ esterification
eliminated: water
properties: contains an ester link - can be broken by hydrolysis
the C-O breaks acts like an ester
BIODEGRADABLE
PHOTOBIODEGRADABLE C=O absorbs radiation
Uses: waste sacks+ packaging. Disposable eating utensils. Internal stiches

halogenoalkane --> alcohol

reagents: NaOH (aq)/KOH (aq) conditions: heat under reflux type: nucleophilic substitution

Halogenoalkane --> nitrile

reagents: KCN (ethanolic) Conditions: Ethanol heat under reflux

Halogenoalkane --> alkene

reagents: ethanolic KOH/NaOH conditons: ethanol and heat under reflux

halogenalkane --> amine

reagents; conc NH3 Condtions: ethanol, heat to 100 degrees c in sealed tube type: nucleophilic sub

secondary alcohol --> ketone

Reagents: K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4 Conditions: Heat under reflux

Friedel-Crafts - alkylation

reagents: Halogenalkane + anhydrous AlCl3 (aluminium chloride) conditions: RTP, dry inert solvent (ether) Electrophile: carbocation

Acylation

Reagents: Acyl chloride ACOCl + Anhydrous AlCl3 conditions: Reflux, 50oC, dry inert solvent ether Electrophile: RC+=O product: AROMATIC KETONES

reaction of phenol with bromine water

conditions: RTP observations: Bromine water decolourises, white ppt formed and antiseptic smell Product: 2,4,6-tribromophenol + 3HBr

dioic acid/ diacyl chloride + diol ---> polyester

type of reaction: condensation polymerisation

alkene --> alcohol

reagent: steam Conditions: phosphoric acid catalyst 170 degrees type addition/ hydration

Define the term structural isomer?

same molecular formula | different arrangement of atoms in the molecule

alcohol+ PCl5

products: Chloroalkane + POCl3 + HCl conditions: RTP

alcohol + HBr

reagents: HBr made from 50% KBr and 50% Conc H20S4 conditions: heat under reflux

alcohol + iodine

reagents: red phosphorus and iodine conditions: warm

preparation of a grignard reagent from a halogenoalkane?

reagent: magnesium conditions: dry ether/ heat under reflux

grignard reagent --> primary alcohol

reagent: methanal conditions: dilute acid catalyst

grignard reagent --> secondary alcohol

reagent: All aldehydes except methanal conditions: dilute acid catalyst

grignard reagent --> tertiary alcohol

reagent: ketone conditions: dilute acid catalyst

grignard reagent --> carboxylic acid

reagent: dry carbon dioxide conditions: dilute acid catalyst

alkane --> branched/cyclic alkane

platinum catalyst 500 oC High pressure

thermal cracking

high temp | steam

catalytic cracking

high temp steam zeolite catalyst

state what is meant by the term saturated in relation to a hydrocarbon

- contains only c-c single bonds/only sigma bonds - cannot undergo addition reactions - has the max number of H atoms

homologous series?

same general formula/include same functional group | similar chemical properties

state additional factors that should be taken into consideration when evaluating the life cycle and sustainability of cups

- ease of recyclability - space taken up at landfill - type and amount of gases released when its incinerated - biodegradeability