Organic chem synthetic routes

Question 1

nitrile to primary amine (cheap)

Answer 1

Ni catalyst
High temp and pressure

This is called catalytic hydrogenation

Question 2

hydroxynitrile to primary amine

Answer 2

LiAlH4
dilute acid

equation looks like ……4[H] = …..

This is reduction

Question 3

nitrile to primary amine (expensive)

Answer 3

LiALH4
dilute acid

equation looks like ……4[H] = …..

This is reduction

Question 4

nitrile to COOH

Answer 4

2H20 + HCl

Hydrolysis

Question 5

hydroxynitrile to hydroxyCOOH

Answer 5

2H20 + HCl

Hydrolysis

Question 6

ketone to hydroxynitrile

Answer 6

NaCN (aq)
H+ (aq)

Question 7

ester to COOH

Answer 7

dilute acid
Heat

Question 8

ester to carboxylate

Answer 8

OH-
heat

Question 9

hydroxynitrile to amine

Answer 9

H2/Ni

Question 10

nitrobenzene to phenylamine

Answer 10

Sn
Conc HCl

Question 11

benzene to nitrobenzene

Answer 11

conc HNO3
conc H2SO4

Question 12

benzene to phenylketone

Answer 12

CH3COCl (acyl chloride)
AlCl3

Question 13

benzene to chlorobenzene

Answer 13

Cl2
AlCl3 (or Fe or FeCl3)

Question 14

benzene to alkylbenzene

Answer 14

CH3Cl
AlCl3

Question 15

What is the product formed when an alkene reacts with hydrogen halide?

Answer 15

Haloalkane

Haloalkane is formed through the addition of hydrogen halide to an alkene.

Question 16

alcohol to ketone

Answer 16

Reflux with K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

This oxidation reaction is typically performed under reflux conditions.

Question 17

What is the reagent used to reduce a ketone to a secondary alcohol?

Answer 17

NaBH4

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is a common reducing agent for ketones.

Question 18

how to synthesize an ester?

Answer 18

Reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol
H2S04 catalyst (H+)

This is known as esterification.

Question 19

What is formed when an acyl chloride reacts with a primary amine?

Answer 19

secondary Amide

This reaction typically results in the formation of an amide and hydrochloric acid.

Question 20

What is the reagent used in the hydrolysis of esters?

Answer 20

Dilute acid, heat

Question 21

What is the byproduct of the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol?

Answer 21

Water

Water is produced during the esterification process.

Question 22

Fill in the blank: To convert a primary alcohol to an aldehyde, you would use _______.

Answer 22

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
distil

This oxidation reaction is performed under controlled conditions to prevent over-oxidation.

Question 23

What is the main purpose of refluxing in organic synthesis?

Answer 23

To heat a reaction mixture without losing volatile components

Refluxing allows for prolonged heating while condensing vapors back into the mixture.