Organic Chem Intro

Question 1

Suffix (in priority: from most to least)

Answer 1

Carboxylic acid (-oic acid): -COOH (double bond to one O)
Ester (-yl -oate): -COO- (double bond to one O)
Acyl halid (-oyl halide): COX (X is a halogen, double bond to one O)
Amide (-amide) :-CONH2 (double bond to one O)
Nitrile (-nitrile): -CN (triple bond)
Aldehyde (-al): -COH (double bond to one O)
Ketone (-one): O (double bond to the O)
Alcohol (-ol): -OH
Amine (-amine): NH2

Cow Eat Another Ant Nest As Kelp As Ants

Question 2

Number of C atoms with root

Answer 2

1: meth-
2: eth-
3: prop-
4: but-
5: pent-
6: hex-
7: hept-
8: oct-
9: non-
10: dec-

Question 3

Other root rules

Answer 3

Cyclo added to front of root in alicyclic system
Single bonds only: -an-
Double bonds: -en-
Triple bonds: -yn-

Question 4

Suffixes

-C三N

C=O

-OH

-NH2

-OR

-Br

-Cl

-F

-I

-NO2

-C6H5 (hexagon cyclic compound)

-CH3

-CH2CH3

-(CH2)2CH3

Answer 4

cyano-

oxo-

hydroxy-

amino-

alkoxy-

bromo-

chloro-

fluoro-

iodo-

nitro-

phenyl-

methyl-

ethyl

propyl

Question 5

Constitutional isomerism and main types

Answer 5

Constitutional isomers have same molecular formula but different structural formula

Chain isomers
- Differ in arrangement of carbon atoms (straight. branched)

Positional isomers
- Same homologous series with functional group located at different positions on same carbon skeleton

Functional Group Isomers:
- DIfferent functional groups

Question 6

Cis-trans isomerism (conditions, differences and possibilities)

Answer 6

Conditions:
1. Restricted rotation about a bond either by presence of double bond or ring structure
2, Each carbon atom in C=C bond must have 2 different groups attached to it. For cyclic compound, 2 or more of carbon atoms in ring has each 2 different groups

Differences:
Cis-isomer: 2 identical groups on same side of C=C bond, higher boiling point because of higher polarity, lower melting point because fits into crystalline lattice more poorly
Trans-isomer: 2 identical groups on opposite side of C=C bond, lower boiling point because of lower polarity, higher melting point because fits into crystalline lattice better

Possibilities:
Maximum number of cis-trans isomers for compound ois 2^n

Question 7

Enantiomerism

Answer 7

Display enantiomerism if it
1. Do not have plane of symmetry
2. Contain one or more chiral centres
3. Forms non-superimposable mirror image
4. Chiral carbon is sp3 hybridised and 4 different groups attached to it

Max number of stereoisomers it can form is 2^(x+y)

Question 8

Rotation of plane-polarised light

Answer 8

(+)-lactic acid: Rotates plane of plane-polarised light clockwise
(-)- lactic acid: Rotate plane of plane-polarised light by same angle but anti-clockwise

Question 9

Meso Compound

Answer 9

Contains more than one chiral center but has plane of symmetry
Has mirror images that are superimposable
Optically inactive

Question 10

Types of reaction

Answer 10

Substitution (substitute one H molecule for another atom unchanged Degree of Unsaturation (DOU))
Addition (both atoms in molecules join the bigger series DOU decreases0
Elimination (remove of atoms from carbon atoms to form double/ triple bonds between carbon) (DOU increases)
Condensation (reach together to form bigger molecules with elimination of small molecules) (DOU unchanged)
Hydrolysis (water is used to break a bond in molecule, add the H20)
Oxidation (oxygen state is removed, DOU decreases)
Reduction (hydrogen added at to molecule)