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chemistry 12 > ORGANIC CHEM chapter 1/2 > Flashcards

ORGANIC CHEM chapter 1/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

organic compound

A

a molecular compound of carbon, not including CO(g), CO2(g), and HCN(g)

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2
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a compound only containing carbon and hydrogen atoms

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3
Q

saturated hydrocarbon

A

a hydrocarbon with only single covalent bonds between its carbon atoms

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4
Q

alkane

A

a saturated hydrocarbon

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5
Q

alkyl group

A

one or more carbon atoms that form a branch of the main chain of a hydrocarbon

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6
Q

substituent group

A

an atom or group that replaces a hydrogen atom in an organic compound

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7
Q

structular isomer

A

a compound that has the same molecular formula as another compound, but a different structure

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8
Q

complete combustion

A

a chemical reaction in which a compound reacts with oxygen; O2; if the compound is a hydrocarbon, the products of the reaction are carbon dioxide, water, and thermal energy

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9
Q

alkyl halide

A

an alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been substituted with one or more halogen atoms

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10
Q

alkane structures

A

straight-chain or ring

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11
Q

1.1 review

A
  • hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and carbon. in a saturated hydrocarbon, the atoms of carbon are bonded to each other by single bonds
    -structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular geometry
    -alkanes may have a straight-chain structure or a ring structure. substituent groups may be attached to the parent structure
    -alkyl halides are alkanes in which halogen atoms have substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms
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12
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

an organic compound, consisting of carbon and hydrogen, with one or more double or triple bonds joining pairs of carbon atoms within the molecules

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13
Q

alkene

A

a hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond

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14
Q

alkyne

A

a hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

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15
Q

stereoisomers

A

molecules that have the same chemical formula and structural backbone, but with a different arrangement of atoms in space

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16
Q

cis isomer

A

a stereoisomer in which the groups of interest are located on the same side of a double bond

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17
Q

trans isomer

A

a stereoisomer in which the groups of interest are located on opposite sides of a double bond

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18
Q

functional group

A

a group of atoms within a molecule that determines the properties of the molecule

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19
Q

addition reaction

A

a reaction in which the atoms from one molecule are added to another molecule to form a single molecule

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20
Q

Markovnikov’s rule

A

the rule for predicting the products of addition reactions: when a hydrogen halide or water is added to an alkene, the hydrogen atom generally bonds to the carbon atom within the double bond that already has more hydrogen atoms bonded to it

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21
Q

1.2 review

A
  • An alkene is a hydrocarbon that has at least one double bond between 2
    carbon atoms. The carbon chain is numbered using the lowest number for the
    double bond. The root name ends in -ene.
  • An alkyne is a hydrocarbon that has at least one triple bond between 2 carbon
    atoms. Naming alkynes is similar to naming alkenes. The root name ends in -yne.
  • Cis and trans isomers are compounds that are identical except for the position
    of groups on either side of a double bond. In cis isomers, the groups are
    located on the same side of the double bond. In trans isomers, the groups are
    located on opposite sides of the double bond.
  • Hydrocarbons with multiple bonds are more reactive than alkanes and
    participate in addition reactions in which atoms from one molecule are added
    to another molecule. Addition reactions include hydrogenation, halogenation,
    hydrohalogenation, and hydration.
  • Markovnikov’s rule states that, when two non-identical entities are added
    at a double bond, the major product will be formed by the hydrogen atom
    bonding to the carbon atom with more hydrogen atoms attached.
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22
Q

aromatic hydrocarbon

A

an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon with a pattern of bonding that makes it chemically stable

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23
Q

phenyl group

A

a benzene ring (minus 1 hydrogen atom) that behaves as a substituent in an organic compound

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24
Q

1.3 review

A
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons that
    have a ring structure and bonding that causes them to be chemically stable.
  • Measurements show that the bonds in a benzene ring are all equal in length.
  • Naming aromatic compounds with one or more simple substituents requires
    just the addition of the substituent group name. Naming aromatic compounds
    with a more complex substituent requires treating the benzene ring, named
    “phenyl,” as a substituent on a carbon chain.
  • Benzene is less reactive than alkenes. Since it participates in substitution
    reactions, benzene behaves more like an alkane
25
Q

most biologically important compounds that contain carbon

A

DNA, RNA, proteins, carbohydrates

26
Q

organic compounds that are soluble in polar solvents generally have a ____ present in the molecule

A

functional group

27
Q

four general types of hydrocarbons

A

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons

28
Q

cycloalkanes

A

alkanes containing a ring structure that is held together by C-C single bonds

29
Q

halogen substitutent nomenclature

A

“halo”

30
Q

substituent nomenclature prefixes

A

di = two
tri = three
tetra = four
penta = five

31
Q

alkene nomenclature

A

Find the longest continuous carbon chain
containing the double bond.
Change the “ane” ending from the
corresponding alkane to “ene”
indicate location of double bond using a prefix number - number from end of chain closest to the double bond
name all other substituents using the prefixes
use prefix to identify geometric isomer

32
Q

prefixes for geometric isomers

A

cis isomer
trans isomer

33
Q

alkyne nomenclature

A

indicate location of triple bond using a prefix number - number from end of chain closest to the triple bond
name all other substituents using the prefixes

34
Q

alkane nomenclature

A

Identify the main chain and draw the
carbons in it
Identify the substituents (type and #) and
attach them to the appropriate carbon
atoms on the main chain.
Add hydrogen atoms to the carbons to
make a total of 4 bonds to each carbon

35
Q

alcohol

A

organic compound that contains the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group

36
Q

primary alcohol

A

an alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is bonded to a terminal carbon atom

37
Q

secondary alcohol

A

an alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon atom with two alkyl groups bonded to it

38
Q

tertiary alcohol

A

an alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon atom with three alkyl groups bonded to it

39
Q

alcohol nomenclature

A

Identify the longest carbon chain or ring.
2. If there is only one –OH group, the compound has the suffix -ol. If more than one
group, use the suffixes -diol or -triol.
3. Number the parent chain from the end so that the –OH group is attached to the
carbon atom with the lowest possible number.
4. Identify any other substituents and their locations.
5. If you are required to identify the type of alcohol, count the number of carbon atoms
bonded to the atom to which the –OH group is attached.

40
Q

dehydration reaction

A

a reaction that involves the removal of a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group from the reactant, producing a slightly smaller molecule and water

41
Q

ether

A

an organic compound containing an oxygen atom between 2 carbon atoms in a chain

42
Q

condensation reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule and a small molecule, such as water

43
Q

thiol

A

an organic compound that contains the sulfhydryl (–SH) group

44
Q

ether nomenclature

A
  1. Identify the two alkyl groups.
  2. Write the name of the shorter alkyl group, then the suffix -oxy, then the name of the longer alkyl group as if it were an alkane.
45
Q

1.4 review

A
  • Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group, 2OH. The hydroxyl group allows alcohols to form hydrogen bonds. Alcohols can be further classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary.
  • Alcohols can be produced by hydration reactions of alkenes. Dehydration reactions use a catalyst and acid to change the alcohol back to an alkene and water. In a combustion reaction an alcohol reacts with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water.
  • Ethers can be produced from the condensation reaction of alcohols. Ethers are widely used as solvents because of their ability to dissolve both polar and non-polar substances.
  • Thiols contain the sulfhydryl functional group 2SH. They typically have strong odours.
46
Q

carbonyl group

A

a carbon atom double-bounded to an oxygen atom, found in organic compounds such as aldehydes and ketones

47
Q

aldehyde

A

an organic molecule containing a carbonyl group that is bonded to at least 1 hydrogen atom

48
Q

ketone

A

an organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to 2 carbon atoms

49
Q

nomenclature aldehydes

A

replace the final -e from the name
of the parent alkane with the suffix -al.

50
Q

nomenclature ketones

A

the -e of the parent alkane is replaced with the suffix -one.

51
Q

1.5 review

A
  • If a carbonyl group is attached to at least 1 hydrogen atom, the molecule is an
    aldehyde. It is named using the suffix -al.
  • If a carbonyl group is attached to 2 carbon atoms, the molecule is a ketone. It
    is named using the suffix -one.
  • The carbonyl group (C5O) makes organic molecules polar, giving them higher
    boiling points and greater water solubility than the corresponding alkanes.
  • The controlled oxidation of a primary alcohol produces an aldehyde. The
    controlled oxidation of a secondary alcohol produces a ketone. Tertiary
    alcohols do not readily undergo controlled oxidation.
  • The hydrogenation of an aldehyde produces a primary alcohol. The
    hydrogenation of a ketone produces a secondary alcohol.
52
Q

carboxylic acid

A

weak organic acid containing at least one carboxyl group

53
Q

carboxyl group

A

a carbon atom that is double bonded to 1 oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group

54
Q

ester

A

organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to a second oxygen atom which is bonded to another carbon atom

55
Q

esterification

A

the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester and water

56
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking of a covalent bond in a molecule by the addition of the elements of water; splitting of an ester into carboxylic acid and alcohol components

57
Q

amine

A

organic compound related to ammonia that contains a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl groups on each molecule

58
Q

amide

A

an organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom

chemistry 12 (5 decks)

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