organic chem basics Flashcards
1
Q
alkanes
A
c-c
2
Q
alkenes
A
c=c
3
Q
alkyne
A
c triple bond
4
Q
methane
A
ch4
5
Q
ethane
A
ch3ch3
6
Q
propane
A
ch3ch2ch3
7
Q
butane
A
4 carbon alkane
8
Q
pentane
A
5 carbon alkane
9
Q
hexane
A
6 carbon alkane
10
Q
heptane
A
7 carbon alkane
11
Q
octane
A
8 carbon alkane
12
Q
alcohol functional group
A
-OH
13
Q
amine functional group
A
-NR3 where R is an H or carbonyl
14
Q
which functional group takes priority in naming between OH and NH3
A
OH
15
Q
hierarchy of functional groups fro,m highest to lowest
A
COOH, cooh derivatives, carbonyls, sulfur, nitrogen, hydrocarbons
16
Q
carboxyllic acids
A
C=o-OH
17
Q
ester
A
carboxylic acid with OR replacing OH
18
Q
Acyl Halide
A
carboxylic acid deriviave with a halogen instead of OH
19
Q
amide
A
carboxylic acid deriviative with an amine instead of OH
20
Q
aldehyde
A
carbonyl with 1 c group and 1 H group
21
Q
ketone
A
carbonyl with 2 carbon substituents
22
Q
alcohol
A
R-OH
23
Q
Thiol functional group
A
R-SH
24
Q
amine functional group
A
carboxylic acid derivative with a NR2 group instead of OH
25
alkyne
c triple bond
26
resonance
delocalization of electrons
27
conjugation
3 or more adjacent p orbitals , electrons can delocalize from pi orbitals
28
aromatic compounds
cyclic molecules with a planar structure that have planar structure that satisfy huckles rule
4n+2
29
benzene
6 c aromatic compound with 3 alternating double bonds
30
which bonds are longer? single or double
single
31
hydrogenation reaction
molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum.
- removes double bond
- exothermic
32
resonance
allows molecules to stabilize charge
33
resonance for acids
makes compounds more acidic
34
carbocation
intermediate structure with a positively charged carbon
35
isomers
same molecular formula but different structure
- different arrangement in space
36
stereoisomers
differ in strcuture at stereocenters (spatial)
- diasteriomers and enantiomers
37
constitutional isomers
same molecular formulas, but they have different connectivities. n-Butane and isobutane are examples of constitutional isomers, as are ethanol and dimethyl ether.
- can also have different functional groups
38
functional isomers
structural isomers with different functional groups
39
what kind of isomers are tautomers
structural and one is more stable than the other
keto and enol groups in equilibrium
two different structures that interconvert (not resonance) with bond formation and breakage
40
what groups undergo tautomerization
keto - enol
enamines and imines
lactams and lactims
amides and iminic acids
41
what kind of isomer is rotating a single bond
constitutional
42
newman projection
We depict the ‘front’ atom as a dot, and the ‘back’ atom as a larger circle.
substituents can be staggard or eclipsed (overlap)
43
unstable newman projections
eclipsed position with large substituents that cause torsional strain
44
more stable newman projections
staggared positon with large substituents as far as possible
45
anti conformation
when the bulky substituents are 180 deg apart and staggered
46
gauche
when bulky are sep by 60 deg in staggered
47
total eclipse
when bulky substituents overlap
48
cyclalkane strain
angular, torsinal, steric
49
most stable cyclohexane confirmation
chair
50
axial orientation
sticking up/down
51
equitorial orientation
out
52
chair conformers
in equ with opposite confermer
if axial, become equ
53
which position for bulky substituents is more stable
equitorial
54
each carbon of a cyclohexane contains what
a substituent that points up and down, one is equ and 1 is axial
55
cis isomer
two identical substituents are in the same side of double bond
56
trans isomer
two identical substituents are on oppsite sides of the double bond
57
priority rules
determined by the atomic weight of the atoms attatched to the central carbon, heavier= higher priority
- multiple bonds are higher than single
58
chiral center
central carbon bound to 4 unique substituents
59
enantiomres
nonsuperimposable mirror images
all stereocenters opposite
60
achiral molecules
plane of symmetry
61
how to calcualte number of sterioisomers in a molecule
2^n where n is number of chiral centers
62
substituents with bold lines
pointing out from the page
63
substituents with dashed lines
pointinng behind the page
64
meso compunds
molecules that have multiple stereocenters but are not chiral because they have a plane of symmetry
- if both chiral centers have substituent on same side it may be meso
65
specific rotation (a)
compounds that rotate light clockwise (+) are dextatory
compounds that rotate light counterclockwise are levoratory (-)
66
specific rotation eqn
a = a/cl
67
racemic mixture
50/50 mix of both enantiomers and does not rotate light bc they cancel out
68
equation to determine amount of enantiomer in solution from rotation eqn
enterometric excess (%) = a obs/a pure
69
absolute configuration
R/S using priority rules
make sure lowest priority is in back
determine if highest to lowest is cw (R) or ccw (s)
- if substituent is moved to the back, flip the R/S
