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MCAT chem > organic chem basics > Flashcards

organic chem basics Flashcards

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1
Q

alkanes

A

c-c

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2
Q

alkenes

A

c=c

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3
Q

alkyne

A

c triple bond

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4
Q

methane

A

ch4

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5
Q

ethane

A

ch3ch3

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6
Q

propane

A

ch3ch2ch3

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7
Q

butane

A

4 carbon alkane

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8
Q

pentane

A

5 carbon alkane

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9
Q

hexane

A

6 carbon alkane

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10
Q

heptane

A

7 carbon alkane

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11
Q

octane

A

8 carbon alkane

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12
Q

alcohol functional group

A

-OH

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13
Q

amine functional group

A

-NR3 where R is an H or carbonyl

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14
Q

which functional group takes priority in naming between OH and NH3

A

OH

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15
Q

hierarchy of functional groups fro,m highest to lowest

A

COOH, cooh derivatives, carbonyls, sulfur, nitrogen, hydrocarbons

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16
Q

carboxyllic acids

A

C=o-OH

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17
Q

ester

A

carboxylic acid with OR replacing OH

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18
Q

Acyl Halide

A

carboxylic acid deriviave with a halogen instead of OH

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19
Q

amide

A

carboxylic acid deriviative with an amine instead of OH

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20
Q

aldehyde

A

carbonyl with 1 c group and 1 H group

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21
Q

ketone

A

carbonyl with 2 carbon substituents

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22
Q

alcohol

A

R-OH

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23
Q

Thiol functional group

A

R-SH

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24
Q

amine functional group

A

carboxylic acid derivative with a NR2 group instead of OH

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25
Q

alkyne

A

c triple bond

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26
Q

resonance

A

delocalization of electrons

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27
Q

conjugation

A

3 or more adjacent p orbitals , electrons can delocalize from pi orbitals

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28
Q

aromatic compounds

A

cyclic molecules with a planar structure that have planar structure that satisfy huckles rule
4n+2

29
Q

benzene

A

6 c aromatic compound with 3 alternating double bonds

30
Q

which bonds are longer? single or double

A

single

31
Q

hydrogenation reaction

A

molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum.
- removes double bond
- exothermic

32
Q

resonance

A

allows molecules to stabilize charge

33
Q

resonance for acids

A

makes compounds more acidic

34
Q

carbocation

A

intermediate structure with a positively charged carbon

35
Q

isomers

A

same molecular formula but different structure
- different arrangement in space

36
Q

stereoisomers

A

differ in strcuture at stereocenters (spatial)
- diasteriomers and enantiomers

37
Q

constitutional isomers

A

same molecular formulas, but they have different connectivities. n-Butane and isobutane are examples of constitutional isomers, as are ethanol and dimethyl ether.
- can also have different functional groups

38
Q

functional isomers

A

structural isomers with different functional groups

39
Q

what kind of isomers are tautomers

A

structural and one is more stable than the other
keto and enol groups in equilibrium
two different structures that interconvert (not resonance) with bond formation and breakage

40
Q

what groups undergo tautomerization

A

keto - enol
enamines and imines
lactams and lactims
amides and iminic acids

41
Q

what kind of isomer is rotating a single bond

A

constitutional

42
Q

newman projection

A

We depict the ‘front’ atom as a dot, and the ‘back’ atom as a larger circle.
substituents can be staggard or eclipsed (overlap)

43
Q

unstable newman projections

A

eclipsed position with large substituents that cause torsional strain

44
Q

more stable newman projections

A

staggared positon with large substituents as far as possible

45
Q

anti conformation

A

when the bulky substituents are 180 deg apart and staggered

46
Q

gauche

A

when bulky are sep by 60 deg in staggered

47
Q

total eclipse

A

when bulky substituents overlap

48
Q

cyclalkane strain

A

angular, torsinal, steric

49
Q

most stable cyclohexane confirmation

A

chair

50
Q

axial orientation

A

sticking up/down

51
Q

equitorial orientation

A

out

52
Q

chair conformers

A

in equ with opposite confermer
if axial, become equ

53
Q

which position for bulky substituents is more stable

A

equitorial

54
Q

each carbon of a cyclohexane contains what

A

a substituent that points up and down, one is equ and 1 is axial

55
Q

cis isomer

A

two identical substituents are in the same side of double bond

56
Q

trans isomer

A

two identical substituents are on oppsite sides of the double bond

57
Q

priority rules

A

determined by the atomic weight of the atoms attatched to the central carbon, heavier= higher priority
- multiple bonds are higher than single

58
Q

chiral center

A

central carbon bound to 4 unique substituents

59
Q

enantiomres

A

nonsuperimposable mirror images
all stereocenters opposite

60
Q

achiral molecules

A

plane of symmetry

61
Q

how to calcualte number of sterioisomers in a molecule

A

2^n where n is number of chiral centers

62
Q

substituents with bold lines

A

pointing out from the page

63
Q

substituents with dashed lines

A

pointinng behind the page

64
Q

meso compunds

A

molecules that have multiple stereocenters but are not chiral because they have a plane of symmetry
- if both chiral centers have substituent on same side it may be meso

65
Q

specific rotation (a)

A

compounds that rotate light clockwise (+) are dextatory
compounds that rotate light counterclockwise are levoratory (-)

66
Q

specific rotation eqn

A

a = a/cl

67
Q

racemic mixture

A

50/50 mix of both enantiomers and does not rotate light bc they cancel out

68
Q

equation to determine amount of enantiomer in solution from rotation eqn

A

enterometric excess (%) = a obs/a pure

69
Q

absolute configuration

A

R/S using priority rules
make sure lowest priority is in back
determine if highest to lowest is cw (R) or ccw (s)
- if substituent is moved to the back, flip the R/S

MCAT chem (11 decks)

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