organic chem Flashcards
Organic compounds
are molecular compounds based on carbon atoms
Why are carbons important?
- form 4 strong covalent bonds
- allows it to have thousands of different structure
hydrocarbons
Molecules made up of only carbons and hydrogens
Aliphatic carbon
straight or branched chains or rings
Aromatic Carbons
Benzene rings have 6 carbons and rotate between single and double bond
Are hydrocarbons structurally complex?
Yes
What are alkyl groups
these are hydrocarbons branched off of other hydrogen carbons
Isomers have different chemical formulas but the same structure. True or false
False they have the same molecular formula and different structure
What is a hydrogen atom sometimes known as?
A filler atom
What two things do hydrogen carbons do under a combustion reaction
produce carbon dioxide and water
What are functional groups?
groups that determine the phyical properties of molecules, (polarity, mp, bp, solubility etc)
Are multiple bonds considered functional groups?
Yes they affect properties
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
When naming alkenes you start at the end farthest away from the double bond
False
What is the general formula for alkynes?
C2H2n-2
What are Cis-Trans Isomers?
They have the same chemical formula and structure backbone but different 3D arrangements
Why do Cis-Trans isomers occur?
double carbon carbon bond cannot rotate and is rigid
What is a type of saturated hydrocarbon and why?
Alkanes and each carbon is bonded to max number of possible atoms
What is a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons and why?
Alkenes and Alkynes as they have fewer then max number of possible atoms
Are boiling points of alkenes less than alkanes?
Yes due to the forces between molecules are less
Are boiling points of alkynes higher then alkanes?
Yes due to electron shape and have higher intermolecular forces
Does this difference in boiling points allow them to be separated?
Yes due to fractional distillation
Markovnikovs rule says that the rich get richer
the hydrogen atom will bond with a carbon atom within the double bond that contains more hydrogen atoms
Cycloalkanes undergo substitution reactions
yes
Cycloalkenes undergo addition reactions
yes
Are aromatic hydrocarbons unsaturated?
yes they have a ring structure and a bonding arrangement that allows for it to be chemically stable
Are all bond lengths and bond angels equal in aromatic hydrocarbons?
yes with all bonds identical
If a ring has a non-carbon functional group or small alkyl group then the benzene is the parent chain
true
Alcohols have one of the two H atoms replaced with alkyl group
true
Ethers have both H atoms replaced in H20 with alkyl group
true
Alcohols are not characterized by the presence of hydroxyl group
false the general formula is R-OH
The suffix for naming alcohols is ol
yes
Polyalcohols
contain more than one hydroxyl group (dial, trial)
Alcohols have boiling points that are much higher than parent
true
What makes the molecule more polar?
hydroxyl group, allows it to form hydrogen bonds
Do short chain alcohols tend to be more polar?
yes due to OH
Do long chain alcohols tend to be non-polar?
yes due to larger hydrocarbon having a greater influence compared to hydroxyl group
Hydration reactions are a type of addition reaction that results in the addition of
water
Alcohols undergo complete combustion to produce only
CO2 AND H20
What reaction allows for the alkene and water to be reversed?
a dehydration reaction which is the decompose of alcohols
Dehydration uses a catalyst called
concentrated sulfuric acid
When a dehydration reaction is carried out on a secondary or tertiary alcohol how many reactions are possible?
more than one alkene product is possible
What is an ether?
an ether is an organic compound containing an oxygen atom between two carbon atoms in a chain
Do ethers contain OH groups?
NO
What makes the molecule more polar?
the C-O bonds and V- shape of the C-O-C group
Boiling points in ethers are higher than hydrocarbons but lower than alcohols?
yes
What is a condensation reaction?
a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger product with the elimination of water or alcohol
What is a thiol?
a compound that contains the sulfhydryl group -SH
Do thiols have strong odours?
yes
Thiol is added to the end of alkane name
true
What is an aldehyde?
a group containing a terminal carbonyl group
What is a ketone?
a group containing a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms
Do aldehydes and ketones have lower bp?
yes
Why are aldehydes and ketones less soluble in water than alcohol?
LACK OF OH
Why are aldehydes and ketones more soluble in water than hydrocarbons?
carbonyl group is strongly polar due to four shared electrons in double C-O bond
Do aldehydes and ketones have the ability to mix with both polar and non-polar substances?
yes it makes them good solvents
Do aldehydes and ketones have strong odours?
yes
What does the term oxidation reaction mean?
either loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen
Controlled oxidation
the reactant not being completely oxidized due to limited amount of O2
How are oxygen atoms supplied in oxidation?
supplied by compounds called oxidizing agents
Primary Alcohol
aldehyde is produced
Secondary Alcohol
ketone is produced
Tertiary Alcohol
No reaction
Are high temps and catalyst required for hydrogenation reactions?
yes
Aldehydes hydrogenate to form
primary alcohols
Ketones hydrogenate to form
secondary alcohols
Are carboxylic acids weak?
yes so they do not completely ionize in water
Are melting points in carboxylic acids higher?
yes compared to those of corresponding hydrocarbons
What happens when an alcohol is mildly oxidized?
an aldehyde is produced
Ester
contains a carbonyl group bonded to oxygen atom
Properties of esters
- occurs in plants
- synthetic esters are added for flavouring
- low molecular mass esters are gases
- esters are less polar and less soluble in water
- lower mp and bp
- not acidic
What happens when esters are treated with acid or base?
the ester is split back into its acid and alcohol components
Properties of amines
- N-C AND N-H bond are polar
- smaller amines are readily soluble in water
Amide functional group
carbonyl group directly attached to N group
Amide Properties
- similar to esters only ends in amide
- week bases
- somewhat soluble in water
- as length of carbon chain increases solubility decreases
- have lower mp and bp then amines
Reactions of amides
- hydrolyzed in acidic or basic conditions
- hydrolysis is slower due to linkages are resistant in hydrolysis
Polymer
large molecule that is made up of many repeating subunits called monomers
monomers are links that make up polymer
Polymerization
process of linking these monomer subunits into polymer
Homopolymer
a polymer made of single type of monomer
Copolymer
a polymer made up of two or more monomers
Addition polymers
polymers formed when monomer subunits are linked through addition reactions
Properties of Plastics
- unreactive
- flexible and moldable
RECALL
monomers that contain C=C bonds link to form polymers by addition reactions
RECALL
carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters
RECALL
carboxylic acids react with amines to form amides
polyester
is a polymer formed by a series of esterification reactions between monomers
Polyamids
consist o many amide linkages linked via the condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine
