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Brookes chem > organic chem > Flashcards

organic chem Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compounds

A

are molecular compounds based on carbon atoms

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2
Q

Why are carbons important?

A
  • form 4 strong covalent bonds

- allows it to have thousands of different structure

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3
Q

hydrocarbons

A

Molecules made up of only carbons and hydrogens

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4
Q

Aliphatic carbon

A

straight or branched chains or rings

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5
Q

Aromatic Carbons

A

Benzene rings have 6 carbons and rotate between single and double bond

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6
Q

Are hydrocarbons structurally complex?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are alkyl groups

A

these are hydrocarbons branched off of other hydrogen carbons

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8
Q

Isomers have different chemical formulas but the same structure. True or false

A

False they have the same molecular formula and different structure

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9
Q

What is a hydrogen atom sometimes known as?

A

A filler atom

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10
Q

What two things do hydrogen carbons do under a combustion reaction

A

produce carbon dioxide and water

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11
Q

What are functional groups?

A

groups that determine the phyical properties of molecules, (polarity, mp, bp, solubility etc)

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12
Q

Are multiple bonds considered functional groups?

A

Yes they affect properties

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13
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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14
Q

When naming alkenes you start at the end farthest away from the double bond

A

False

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15
Q

What is the general formula for alkynes?

A

C2H2n-2

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16
Q

What are Cis-Trans Isomers?

A

They have the same chemical formula and structure backbone but different 3D arrangements

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17
Q

Why do Cis-Trans isomers occur?

A

double carbon carbon bond cannot rotate and is rigid

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18
Q

What is a type of saturated hydrocarbon and why?

A

Alkanes and each carbon is bonded to max number of possible atoms

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19
Q

What is a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons and why?

A

Alkenes and Alkynes as they have fewer then max number of possible atoms

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20
Q

Are boiling points of alkenes less than alkanes?

A

Yes due to the forces between molecules are less

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21
Q

Are boiling points of alkynes higher then alkanes?

A

Yes due to electron shape and have higher intermolecular forces

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22
Q

Does this difference in boiling points allow them to be separated?

A

Yes due to fractional distillation

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23
Q

Markovnikovs rule says that the rich get richer

A

the hydrogen atom will bond with a carbon atom within the double bond that contains more hydrogen atoms

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24
Q

Cycloalkanes undergo substitution reactions

A

yes

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25
Q

Cycloalkenes undergo addition reactions

A

yes

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26
Q

Are aromatic hydrocarbons unsaturated?

A

yes they have a ring structure and a bonding arrangement that allows for it to be chemically stable

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27
Q

Are all bond lengths and bond angels equal in aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

yes with all bonds identical

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28
Q

If a ring has a non-carbon functional group or small alkyl group then the benzene is the parent chain

A

true

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29
Q

Alcohols have one of the two H atoms replaced with alkyl group

A

true

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30
Q

Ethers have both H atoms replaced in H20 with alkyl group

A

true

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31
Q

Alcohols are not characterized by the presence of hydroxyl group

A

false the general formula is R-OH

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32
Q

The suffix for naming alcohols is ol

A

yes

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33
Q

Polyalcohols

A

contain more than one hydroxyl group (dial, trial)

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34
Q

Alcohols have boiling points that are much higher than parent

A

true

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35
Q

What makes the molecule more polar?

A

hydroxyl group, allows it to form hydrogen bonds

36
Q

Do short chain alcohols tend to be more polar?

A

yes due to OH

37
Q

Do long chain alcohols tend to be non-polar?

A

yes due to larger hydrocarbon having a greater influence compared to hydroxyl group

38
Q

Hydration reactions are a type of addition reaction that results in the addition of

A

water

39
Q

Alcohols undergo complete combustion to produce only

A

CO2 AND H20

40
Q

What reaction allows for the alkene and water to be reversed?

A

a dehydration reaction which is the decompose of alcohols

41
Q

Dehydration uses a catalyst called

A

concentrated sulfuric acid

42
Q

When a dehydration reaction is carried out on a secondary or tertiary alcohol how many reactions are possible?

A

more than one alkene product is possible

43
Q

What is an ether?

A

an ether is an organic compound containing an oxygen atom between two carbon atoms in a chain

44
Q

Do ethers contain OH groups?

A

NO

45
Q

What makes the molecule more polar?

A

the C-O bonds and V- shape of the C-O-C group

46
Q

Boiling points in ethers are higher than hydrocarbons but lower than alcohols?

A

yes

47
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger product with the elimination of water or alcohol

48
Q

What is a thiol?

A

a compound that contains the sulfhydryl group -SH

49
Q

Do thiols have strong odours?

A

yes

50
Q

Thiol is added to the end of alkane name

A

true

51
Q

What is an aldehyde?

A

a group containing a terminal carbonyl group

52
Q

What is a ketone?

A

a group containing a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms

53
Q

Do aldehydes and ketones have lower bp?

A

yes

54
Q

Why are aldehydes and ketones less soluble in water than alcohol?

A

LACK OF OH

55
Q

Why are aldehydes and ketones more soluble in water than hydrocarbons?

A

carbonyl group is strongly polar due to four shared electrons in double C-O bond

56
Q

Do aldehydes and ketones have the ability to mix with both polar and non-polar substances?

A

yes it makes them good solvents

57
Q

Do aldehydes and ketones have strong odours?

A

yes

58
Q

What does the term oxidation reaction mean?

A

either loss of hydrogen or gain of oxygen

59
Q

Controlled oxidation

A

the reactant not being completely oxidized due to limited amount of O2

60
Q

How are oxygen atoms supplied in oxidation?

A

supplied by compounds called oxidizing agents

61
Q

Primary Alcohol

A

aldehyde is produced

62
Q

Secondary Alcohol

A

ketone is produced

63
Q

Tertiary Alcohol

A

No reaction

64
Q

Are high temps and catalyst required for hydrogenation reactions?

A

yes

65
Q

Aldehydes hydrogenate to form

A

primary alcohols

66
Q

Ketones hydrogenate to form

A

secondary alcohols

67
Q

Are carboxylic acids weak?

A

yes so they do not completely ionize in water

68
Q

Are melting points in carboxylic acids higher?

A

yes compared to those of corresponding hydrocarbons

69
Q

What happens when an alcohol is mildly oxidized?

A

an aldehyde is produced

70
Q

Ester

A

contains a carbonyl group bonded to oxygen atom

71
Q

Properties of esters

A
  • occurs in plants
  • synthetic esters are added for flavouring
  • low molecular mass esters are gases
  • esters are less polar and less soluble in water
  • lower mp and bp
  • not acidic
72
Q

What happens when esters are treated with acid or base?

A

the ester is split back into its acid and alcohol components

73
Q

Properties of amines

A
  • N-C AND N-H bond are polar

- smaller amines are readily soluble in water

74
Q

Amide functional group

A

carbonyl group directly attached to N group

75
Q

Amide Properties

A
  • similar to esters only ends in amide
  • week bases
  • somewhat soluble in water
  • as length of carbon chain increases solubility decreases
  • have lower mp and bp then amines
76
Q

Reactions of amides

A
  • hydrolyzed in acidic or basic conditions

- hydrolysis is slower due to linkages are resistant in hydrolysis

77
Q

Polymer

A

large molecule that is made up of many repeating subunits called monomers
monomers are links that make up polymer

78
Q

Polymerization

A

process of linking these monomer subunits into polymer

79
Q

Homopolymer

A

a polymer made of single type of monomer

80
Q

Copolymer

A

a polymer made up of two or more monomers

81
Q

Addition polymers

A

polymers formed when monomer subunits are linked through addition reactions

82
Q

Properties of Plastics

A
  • unreactive

- flexible and moldable

83
Q

RECALL

A

monomers that contain C=C bonds link to form polymers by addition reactions

84
Q

RECALL

A

carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters

85
Q

RECALL

A

carboxylic acids react with amines to form amides

86
Q

polyester

A

is a polymer formed by a series of esterification reactions between monomers

87
Q

Polyamids

A

consist o many amide linkages linked via the condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine

Brookes chem (1 decks)

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