Organic Chem Flashcards
Alkane
C bonds to 4 atoms
Saturated hydrocarbons
Alkanes
All bonds with other atoms are single bonds
Use of alkane
Low reactivity
Good combustion
Fuel
Alkane formula
Cn H 2n + 2
Organic
Carbon
Homologous
A family of similar compounds
Burning alkanes wo o2
2C + O2 -> 2 CO
Burning w loads of o2
Chill
Energy
CO2
Water
Steam cracking
Vaporised heavy h are combined w steam in high temp env
850 degrees plus
Alkanes and alkenes
Catalytic cracking
Passed over the top of a heated catalyst
Alkanes and alkenes
Alkene use
Starting material for stuff like ethanol
Feedstock for polymers
unsaturated
Contain a double bond between two C atoms
Means that an alkane and alkene w same length will have dif number of H atoms
- alkane will have 2 more H atoms
How reactive are alkenes
More than alkanes
Functional group
Atoms taht impact the reactions of an organic compound
Functional group of alkenes
C = C
Addition ractions
C = C bond opens up and allows C atoms to bond w new atoms
Alkenes and oxygen
Incomplete or complete combustion
C3H6 + O2-> (CO)
(3 in front of O2)
-> 3CO + 3 H2O
C3H6 + O2 -> (soot)
(2 in front of propene)
(3 in front of O2)
-> 6C + 6 H2O
C3H6 + O2 -> (complete combustion)
2 in front of propene
9 in front of oxygen
-> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Alkenes and hydrogen gas
Nickel catalyst
Forms an alkane
Called hydrogenation
e.g. C2H4 + H2 -> C2H6
Alkenes and halogens
- alkenes react w bromine water when shaken
- orange/brown to colourless
- good test yeh
ethene + bromine ->dibromoethane (colourless)
Alkenes and water (steam)
phosphoric acid catalyst
forms alcohol
e.g. ethene + steam -> ethanol
C2H4 + H2O -> C2H5OH
Formual for alcohol
Cn H2n+1 OH
alchohol functional gruop
hydroxyl group OH
alcohol and oxidising agent
carboxylic acid
alcohol and sodium
alcohols are neutral, but react slowly with sodium to make hydrogen
alcohol and air (heat)
co2 and water
alcohol and water
neutral solutions
uses for alcohols
solvents
fuels
feedstocks
how is alcohol made
fermentation
hydration
fermentation
glucose
37 degrees
yeast
anaerobic
(slightly) acidic
alcohol in aqueous solution + CO2
hydration
ethene + water
300 degrees
phosphoric acid
alcohol
oxidation of alcohols
alcohol + oxygen -> carboxylic acid
“oxygen” = oxidising agent e.g. potassium dichromate
changes colour from orange -> green during reaction
chromate reduced
alcohol oxidised
carboxylic acid functional group
COOH
methanoic acid
HCOOH
ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
propanoic acid
C2H5COOH
butanoic acid
C3H7COOH
carboxylic acid strength
forms an equilibrium in water
acidic as H+ released
weak acid as it’s only partly dissociated
-> reacts with bases e.g. metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates
formula for carboxylic acid
Cn H2n+1 COOH
alcohol and carboxylic acid
acid catalyst (concentrated sulfuric)
ester and water
e.g.
ethanoic acid + ethanol -> ethyl ethanoate + water
carbonates and carboxylic acids
salt
co2
water
water and carboxylic acids
solution with acidic pH
partly dissociates H+ ions
weak acid
esters functional group
-COO-
monomer
small molecules joined to other small molecules to make a long-chain polymerp
polymer
a long chain molecule made by joining lots of small molecules
addition
double bond broken
polymerisation
many monomers join together to make a long chain
monomer in addition polymerisation
alkenes - double bond opens to allow multiple alkenes to join together
product in addition polymerisation
polymer e.g.
polyethene
polypropene
ethene addition polymerisation
polyethene
propene addition polymerisation
polypropene
polyesters
diols and dicarboxylic acids
condensation polymerisation
joining monomers with 2 functional groups to produce larger products (and a small molecule by-product e.g water)
functional group of amino caids
amine -nh2
carboxyl - cooh
polymerisation of amino acids
condensation polymerisation
produces polypeptide and water
